O CHAPTER1 8 Cardiac Output Regulation Is the Sum of Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, lood Flow Regulation in All the Local and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure 204 Tissues of the Body-Tissue Metaboli Regulates Most Local Blood Flow 233 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation The Heart Has Limits for the Cardiac Output Autonomic Nervous System 204 hat It Can Achieve 234 Role of the Nervous System in Rapid What is the Role of the Nervous System in Control of arterial Pressure Controlling Cardiac Output? 235 ncrease in Arterial Pressure During Muscle Pathologically High and Pathologically Exercise and Other Types of Stres Low Cardiac Outputs Reflex Mechanisms for Maintaining Normal High Cardiac Output Caused by Reduced Arterial Pressure Total Peripheral Resistanc Central Nervous System Ischemic ow Cardiac Output 237 Response-Control of Arterial Pressure A More Quantitative Analysis of Cardia by the Brain's Vasomotor Center in Output Regulation 237 Response to Diminished Brain Blood Cardiac Output Curves Used in the 212 Quantitative Analysis Special Features of Nervous Control nous Return Curves of Arterial Pressure 213 Analysis of cardiac Output and Right Atrial Role of the skeletal Nerves and skeletal Pressure, Using Simultaneous Cardiac Muscles in Increasing Cardiac Output Output and Venous Return Curves 24l and Arterial Pressure 213 Methods for Measuring Cardiac Respiratory Waves in the Arterial Pressure 214 Output Arterial Pressure"Vasomotor waves. Pulsatile output of the heart as measured Oscillation of pressure reflex control by an Electromagnetic or Ultrasonic Systems 214 Flowmeter Measurement of Cardiac Output Using the xygen Fick Principle 244 CHAPTER 1 9 Indicator Dilution Method for Measuring Dominant Role of the Kidney in Long Cardiac Output 244 Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated CHAPTER 21 System for Pressure Control 216 Muscle blood flow and cardiac Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Output During Exercise; the Pressure Control 216 Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Quantitation of Pressure Diuresis as a basis Heart Disease for Arterial Pressure Control 217 Chronic Hypertension(High Blood Pressure) Blood flow in skeletal muscle Is Caused by Impaired Renal Fluid nd Blood Flow Regulation Excretion 220 During Exercise 246 The Renin-Angiotensin System: ts Role in pressure control and in Control of Blood Flow Through the Skeletal Hypertension Muscles 247 Components of the Renin-Angiotensin Total Body Circulatory Readjustments 223 uring Exercis 247 Types of Hypertension in Which Angiotensin oronary Circulation 249 Is Involved: Hy pertension Caused by a Physiologic Anatomy of the Coronary Blood Renin-Secreting Tumor or by Infusion 249 of Angie 226 Normal Coronary Blood Flow Other Types of Hypertension Caused by Control of Coronary Blood Flow Combinations of volume Loading and Special Features of cardiac Muscle Vasoconstriction 227 "Primary(Essential) Hypertension 228 Summary of the Integrated, Causes of Death After Acute Coronary Multifaceted System for Arterial cclusion 253 Pressure Regulation Stages of Recovery from Acute Myocardial Infarction nction of the Heart After Recovery CHAPTER 20 from Myocardial Infarction Cardiac Output, Venous Return, 255 Surgical Treatment of Coronary Disease 256 and Their regulation 232 ormal Values for Cardiac output at Rest and during Activity 232 CHAPTER 2 Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Cardiac Failure 258 Return-Role of the Frank-Starling Dynamics of the Circulation in Mechanism of the heart 232 Cardiac FailureTable of Contents xvii CHAPTER 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure 204 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation 204 Autonomic Nervous System 204 Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure 208 Increase in Arterial Pressure During Muscle Exercise and Other Types of Stress 208 Reflex Mechanisms for Maintaining Normal Arterial Pressure 209 Central Nervous System Ischemic Response—Control of Arterial Pressure by the Brain’s Vasomotor Center in Response to Diminished Brain Blood Flow 212 Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure 213 Role of the Skeletal Nerves and Skeletal Muscles in Increasing Cardiac Output and Arterial Pressure 213 Respiratory Waves in the Arterial Pressure 214 Arterial Pressure “Vasomotor” Waves— Oscillation of Pressure Reflex Control Systems 214 CHAPTER 19 Dominant Role of the Kidney in Long￾Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Pressure Control 216 Renal–Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control 216 Quantitation of Pressure Diuresis as a Basis for Arterial Pressure Control 217 Chronic Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Is Caused by Impaired Renal Fluid Excretion 220 The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Pressure Control and in Hypertension 223 Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System 223 Types of Hypertension in Which Angiotensin Is Involved: Hypertension Caused by a Renin-Secreting Tumor or by Infusion of Angiotensin II 226 Other Types of Hypertension Caused by Combinations of Volume Loading and Vasoconstriction 227 “Primary (Essential) Hypertension” 228 Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation 230 CHAPTER 20 Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation 232 Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity 232 Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return—Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart 232 Cardiac Output Regulation Is the Sum of Blood Flow Regulation in All the Local Tissues of the Body—Tissue Metabolism Regulates Most Local Blood Flow 233 The Heart Has Limits for the Cardiac Output That It Can Achieve 234 What Is the Role of the Nervous System in Controlling Cardiac Output? 235 Pathologically High and Pathologically Low Cardiac Outputs 236 High Cardiac Output Caused by Reduced Total Peripheral Resistance 236 Low Cardiac Output 237 A More Quantitative Analysis of Cardiac Output Regulation 237 Cardiac Output Curves Used in the Quantitative Analysis 237 Venous Return Curves 238 Analysis of Cardiac Output and Right Atrial Pressure, Using Simultaneous Cardiac Output and Venous Return Curves 241 Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output 243 Pulsatile Output of the Heart as Measured by an Electromagnetic or Ultrasonic Flowmeter 243 Measurement of Cardiac Output Using the Oxygen Fick Principle 244 Indicator Dilution Method for Measuring Cardiac Output 244 CHAPTER 21 Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease 246 Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle and Blood Flow Regulation During Exercise 246 Rate of Blood Flow Through the Muscles 246 Control of Blood Flow Through the Skeletal Muscles 247 Total Body Circulatory Readjustments During Exercise 247 Coronary Circulation 249 Physiologic Anatomy of the Coronary Blood Supply 249 Normal Coronary Blood Flow 249 Control of Coronary Blood Flow 250 Special Features of Cardiac Muscle Metabolism 251 Ischemic Heart Disease 252 Causes of Death After Acute Coronary Occlusion 253 Stages of Recovery from Acute Myocardial Infarction 254 Function of the Heart After Recovery from Myocardial Infarction 255 Pain in Coronary Heart Disease 255 Surgical Treatment of Coronary Disease 256 CHAPTER 22 Cardiac Failure 258 Dynamics of the Circulation in Cardiac Failure 258