CHAPTER 1 3 Volume-Pressure Curves of the arteria Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their and venous circulations 172 Arterial Pressure pulsations Electrocardiographic Interpretation 147 Transmission of Pressure Pulses to the Abnormal Sinus Rhythms Peripheral Arteries 174 Tachycardia l47 Clinical Methods for Measuring Systolic Bradycardia l47 and Diastolic Pressures 175 Abnormal Rhythms Block of heart s signals Veins and Their Functions Venous Pressures-Right Atrial Pressure Within the (Central Venous Pressure)and Intracardiac Conduction Pathways Peripheral Venous Pressures Sinoatrial block Blood reservoir Function of the veins Atrioventricular block Incomplete Atrioventricular Heart Block Incomplete Intraventricular Block CHAPTER 1 6 Electrical Alternans 150 The Microcirculation and the Premature Contractions Premature Atrial Contractions Lymphatic System: Capillary Flui A-V Nodal or A- Bundle Premature Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Contractions 50 Lymph Flow l81 Premature Ventricular Contractions Paroxysmal Tachycardia Structure of the microcirculation and Atrial Paroxysmal Tachycardia 152 Capillary System 181 Flow of Blood in the Capillaries- Ventricular Paroxysmal Tachycardia Vasomotion。n l82 Ventricular Fibrillation Average Function of the Capillary System l83 Phenomenon of Re-entry-Circus Movements as the basis for ventricular Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the blood Fibrillation and Interstitial Fluid 183 Chain Reaction Mechanism of fibrillation Electrocardiogram in Ventricular Fibrillation 154 The Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid 183 l84 Hand Pumping of the Heart Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation )as Determined by Hydrostatic and an Aid to Defibrillation l55 Colloid Osmotic Pressures, and 155 Capillary Filtration Coefficient l85 Atrial Fibrillation Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure 186 Atrial Flutter Cardiac Arrest nterstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure l87 Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure 188 nterstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressur Exchange of Fluid Volume Through the Capillary Membrane Starling Equilibrium for Capillary Exchange 189 The Circulation emphatic System 190 Lymph Channels of the Body 190 Formation of Lymph CHAPTER 1 4 Rate of Lymph Flow 192 Overview of the circulation: medical Role of the Lymphatic System in Controlling Physics of Pressure, Flow, and Interstitial Fluid Protein Concentration Interstitial Fluid Volume, and Interstitial Resistance 16l Fluid Pressure 193 hysical Characteristics of the Circulation Basic Theory of Circulatory Function CHAPTER 1 7 Interrelationships Among Pressure, Local and Humoral Control of Blood Flow, and Resistance l64 Flow by the Tissu Blood flow Blood Pressure Local Control of Blood Flow in Response Resistance to blood flow to Tissue Need 195 Effects of Pressure on vascular Resistance Mechanisms of blood Flow control 196 and Tissue blood flow 170 Acute Control of local blood Flow Long-Term blood Flow Requlation opment CHAPTER 1 5 Phenomenon of Long- Term Local Blood Vascular Distensibility and Functions Flow Regulation Humoral control of the circulation of the arterial and Venous Systems 17 Vasoconstrictor Agents Vascular Distensibility Vasodilator Agents 202 Vascular Compliance(or Vascular Vascular Control by lons and other 7 Chemical Factorsxvi Table of Contents CHAPTER 13 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation 147 Abnormal Sinus Rhythms 147 Tachycardia 147 Bradycardia 147 Sinus Arrhythmia 148 Abnormal Rhythms That Result from Block of Heart Signals Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways 148 Sinoatrial Block 148 Atrioventricular Block 148 Incomplete Atrioventricular Heart Block 149 Incomplete Intraventricular Block— Electrical Alternans 150 Premature Contractions 150 Premature Atrial Contractions 150 A-V Nodal or A-V Bundle Premature Contractions 150 Premature Ventricular Contractions 151 Paroxysmal Tachycardia 151 Atrial Paroxysmal Tachycardia 152 Ventricular Paroxysmal Tachycardia 152 Ventricular Fibrillation 152 Phenomenon of Re-entry—“Circus Movements” as the Basis for Ventricular Fibrillation 153 Chain Reaction Mechanism of Fibrillation 153 Electrocardiogram in Ventricular Fibrillation 154 Electroshock Defibrillation of the Ventricle 154 Hand Pumping of the Heart (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) as an Aid to Defibrillation 155 Atrial Fibrillation 155 Atrial Flutter 156 Cardiac Arrest 156 UNIT IV The Circulation CHAPTER 14 Overview of the Circulation; Medical Physics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance 161 Physical Characteristics of the Circulation 161 Basic Theory of Circulatory Function 163 Interrelationships Among Pressure, Flow, and Resistance 164 Blood Flow 164 Blood Pressure 166 Resistance to Blood Flow 167 Effects of Pressure on Vascular Resistance and Tissue Blood Flow 170 CHAPTER 15 Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems 171 Vascular Distensibility 171 Vascular Compliance (or Vascular Capacitance) 171 Volume-Pressure Curves of the Arterial and Venous Circulations 172 Arterial Pressure Pulsations 173 Transmission of Pressure Pulses to the Peripheral Arteries 174 Clinical Methods for Measuring Systolic and Diastolic Pressures 175 Veins and Their Functions 176 Venous Pressures—Right Atrial Pressure (Central Venous Pressure) and Peripheral Venous Pressures 176 Blood Reservoir Function of the Veins 179 CHAPTER 16 The Microcirculation and the Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow 181 Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System 181 Flow of Blood in the Capillaries— Vasomotion 182 Average Function of the Capillary System 183 Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid 183 Diffusion Through the Capillary Membrane 183 The Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid 184 Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, and Capillary Filtration Coefficient 185 Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure 186 Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure 187 Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure 188 Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure 188 Exchange of Fluid Volume Through the Capillary Membrane 189 Starling Equilibrium for Capillary Exchange 189 Lymphatic System 190 Lymph Channels of the Body 190 Formation of Lymph 191 Rate of Lymph Flow 192 Role of the Lymphatic System in Controlling Interstitial Fluid Protein Concentration, Interstitial Fluid Volume, and Interstitial Fluid Pressure 193 CHAPTER 17 Local and Humoral Control of Blood Flow by the Tissues 195 Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs 195 Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control 196 Acute Control of Local Blood Flow 196 Long-Term Blood Flow Regulation 200 Development of Collateral Circulation—A Phenomenon of Long-Term Local Blood Flow Regulation 201 Humoral Control of the Circulation 201 Vasoconstrictor Agents 201 Vasodilator Agents 202 Vascular Control by Ions and Other Chemical Factors 202