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Altered metabolism of gut microbiota contrib Infected Ugandans Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy utes to chronic immune activation in hiv-infected indi- []. J Infect dis,2016,213(3):370-378 iduals [J]. Mucosal Immunol, 2014. 8(4): 760-772. [28 HaissmanJM. HaugaardAK, OstrowskiSR, et al. Micro [17]ElisCL, MaZ-M, MannSK, et al. Molecular charac- biota-dependent metabolite and cardiovascular disease terization of stool microbiota in HIV-infected subjects marker trimethylamine-N-oxide(TMAO) is associat- by panbacterial and order-level 16S ribosomal DNA ed with monocyte activation but not platelet function in (rDNA) quantification and correlations with immune ac- untreated HIV infection [J]. BMC Infect Dis. 2017,1' tivation [J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2011, 57 (1):44病 毒 学 报 three stages in HIV infection［J］. J Theor Biol，2013， 320：33–40. ［6］ ParmentierM. CCR5 and HIV Infection，a View from Brussels［J］. Front Immunol，2015，6：295. ［7］ MarchettiG，TincatiC，SilvestriG. Microbial transloca⁃ tion in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS［J］. Clin Microbiol Rev，2013，26（1）：2–18. ［8］ NazliA，ChanO，Dobson-BelaireWN，et al. Exposure to HIV-1 directly impairs mucosal epithelial barrier in⁃ tegrity allowing microbial translocation［J］. PLoS Pat⁃ hog，2010，6（4）：e1000852. ［9］ BrenchleyJM，HillBJ，AmbrozakDR，et al.T-cell sub⁃ sets that harbor human immunodeficiency virus（HIV） in vivo：implications for HIV pathogenesis［J］. J Virol. 2004，78（3）：1160-1168. ［10］NasiM，PintiM，MussiniC，et al. Persistent inflamma⁃ tion in HIV infection：established concepts，new per⁃ spectives［J］. Immunol Lett，2014，161（2）：184–188. ［11］KlattNR， FunderburgNT， BrenchleyJM. Microbial translocation，immune activation，and HIV disease［J］. Trends Microbiol，2013，21（1）：6–13. ［12］DillonSM，CastlemanMJ，FrankDN，et al.Inflammato⁃ ry colonic innate lymphoid cells are increased during un⁃ treated hiv-1 infection and associated with markers of gut dysbiosis and mucosal immune activation［J］. J Ac⁃ quir Immune Defic Syndr，2017. ［13］LuiJB，McGinnLS，ChenZ，et al.Gut microbiota ampli⁃ fies host- intrinsic conversion from the CD8 T cell lin⁃ eage to CD4 T cells for induction of mucosal immune tol⁃ erance［J］. Gut Microbes，2016，7（1）：40-47. ［14］HelZ，XuJ，DenningWL，et al. Dysregulation of Sys⁃ temic and Mucosal Humoral Responses to Microbial and Food Antigens as a Factor Contributing to Microbial Translocation and Chronic Inflammation in HIV-1 In⁃ fection［J］. PLoS Pathog，2017，13（1）：e1006087. ［15］LozuponeCA， RhodesME， NeffCP， et al. HIV-in⁃ duced alteration in gut microbiota：driving factors，con⁃ sequences，and effects of antiretroviral therapy［J］. Gut Microbes，2014，5（4）：562–570. ［16］Vázquez-CastellanosJF， Serrano-VillarS， Lator⁃ reA，et al.Altered metabolism of gut microbiota contrib⁃ utes to chronic immune activation in HIV-infected indi⁃ viduals［J］. Mucosal Immunol，2014，8（4）：760–772. ［17］EllisCL，MaZ-M，MannSK，et al. Molecular charac⁃ terization of stool microbiota in HIV-infected subjects by panbacterial and order-level 16S ribosomal DNA （rDNA）quantification and correlations with immune ac⁃ tivation［J］. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr，2011，57 （5）：363–370. ［18］Pérez-SantiagoJ，GianellaS，MassanellaM，et al. Gut Lactobacillales are associated with higher CD4 and less microbial translocation during HIV infection［J］. AIDS， 2013，27（12）：1921–1931. ［19］MonacoCL，GootenbergDB，ZhaoG，et al. Altered Vi⁃ rome and Bacterial Microbiome in Human Immunodefi⁃ ciency Virus - Associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome［J］. Cell Host Microbe，2016，19（3）：311 –322. ［20］Villanueva-MillánMJ， Pérez-MatuteP， Recio￾FernándezE，et al. Differential effects of antiretrovirals on microbial translocation and gut microbiota composi⁃ tion of HIV-infected patients ［J］. J Int AIDS Soc， 2017，20（1）：21526. ［21］McHardyIH，LiX，TongM，et al.HIV Infection is asso⁃ ciated with compositional and functional shifts in the rec⁃ tal mucosal microbiota ［J］. Microbiome， 2013， 1 （1）：26. ［22］DeeksSG， LewinSR， HavlirDV. The end of AIDS： HIV infection as a chronic disease［J］. Lancet，2013， 382（9903）：1525–1533. ［23］TrøseidM，MannerIW，PedersenKK，et al. Microbial translocation and cardiometabolic risk factors in HIV in⁃ fection ［J］. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses，2014，30 （6）：514–522. ［24］WangZ，KlipfellE，BennettBJ，et al. Gut flora metabo⁃ lism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular dis⁃ ease［J］. Nature，2011，472（7341）：57–63. ［25］SrinivasaS， FitchKV， LoJ， et al. Plaque burden in HIV- infected patients is associated with serum intesti⁃ nal microbiota generated trimethylamine ［J］. AIDS， 2015，29：443–452. ［26］HaissmanJM，KnudsenA，HoelH，et al.Microbiota de⁃ pendent marker TMAO is elevated in silent ischemia but is not associated with first- time myocardial infarction in HIV infection ［J］. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr， 2016，71（2）：130-136. ［27］SiednerMJ， KimJH， NakkuRS， et al. Persistent Im⁃ mune Activation and Carotid Atherosclerosis in HIV￾Infected Ugandans Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy ［J］. J Infect Dis，2016，213（3）：370–378. ［28］HaissmanJM，HaugaardAK，OstrowskiSR，et al.Micro⁃ biota-dependent metabolite and cardiovascular disease marker trimethylamine-N-oxide（TMAO）is associat⁃ ed with monocyte activation but not platelet function in untreated HIV infection［J］. BMC Infect Dis，2017，17 （1）：445. · 6 ·