Contents Acknowledgements ix Romanization xi 1 Introduction 1 2 The China Problem 13 3 British Troubles in South China 30 4 British Response to the Crisis 55 5 The Making of a New China Policy 81 6 The Retreat Begins 105 7 Conciliation and Firmness 129 8 Changes in Chinese Foreign Policy 153 9 London and Nanking,1928-1931 170 10 The Issue of Extraterritoriality 195 11 The Limits of Retreat 215 12 Conclusion 239 Notes 250 Glossary 286 Bibliography 289 Index 303