/h/ is a voiceless glottal fricative. It is simply a stream of air from the larynx directed through the open mouth. It is not found in word-final position in English words /h/ is not generally a problem sound, but some learners may use a voice icative [], as a substitution, which sounds more like a Chinese(h)in pronunciation of pa(h)meaning"to drink" /t→/and/dt/ /t/ and /dt/ are affricate sounds, which you produce by blocking off the breath-stream between the tongue and gum ridge, for a stop and a fricative. The term affricate means"blend",in this case, consisting of a stop and a fricative. The /to/is a blend combined of [t] and [] it starts out as a [t] stop and then the tongue moves into the position for [] The /dt/ is a blend of [d] and [t]: it starts out as a [d] and then the tongue moves into the usual position for [t]. Both/t/ and /dt/can occur initial, medial, and final positions in words /to/ and /dt/ are fairly easy to perceive at normal conversational levels. The overall strength of production is important for /to/ because weakening leads to a [ gl substitution /dt/ is less tense than /t but it is still made with considerable strength Weakening may lead to a t substitution. Lip round ing will help to stabilize the 辅音:摩擦音和破擦音 本单元我们将学习两类辅音:摩擦音和破擦音。 如果说爆破音是让气流成阻,那么摩擦音就是部分地阻塞气流,发音时气流 可以持续通过口腔形成缝隙的部位,伴随而来的是一种轻微的摩擦声 摩擦音是英语辅音中数量最多的一类音,包括M伸/)//s/////h t//d/ t∫/和/d?是破擦音。发音时,舌尖抵住上齿龈后部,所产生的音既含/与/d/ 的爆破,又含∫/与//的摩擦。“破擦音”这个词本身暗含“混合”之意,即由爆 破音和摩擦音组成。∫/是清辅音,/d宁/是浊辅音。 /f和/ⅴ/是唇齿音。前者是清辅音,后者是浊辅音。发音时,上齿紧挨下唇, 然后将气流向外挤出。 对于大多数中国学生来说,发好/f伓不成问题,/v/则不然。有些人都把/v/ 发成双唇音/w域/b/。此外,人们的发音中还出现将/v/清音化的趋势,即用/f/ 代替/ⅴ/,特别是/ⅴ/在词尾的时候。 //e/ /和//是齿间音。发音时,舌尖抵及上齿内侧,或置于上下齿之间,舌 身平放口中,气流从舌尖与上下齿之间形成的缝隙中挤出,摩擦生音。障會/是清 辅音,//是浊辅音。 人们发/时,常常出现一些问题,例如,气流不足便导致齿化音/t/的出现;/h/ /h/ is a voiceless glottal fricative. It is simply a stream of air from the larynx directed through the open mouth. It is not found in word-final position in English words. /h/ is not generally a problem sound, but some learners may use a voiceless velar fricative [], as a substitution, which sounds more like a Chinese (h) in the pronunciation of 喝 (h) meaning "to drink". /t/ and /d/ /t/ and /d/ are affricate sounds, which you produce by blocking off the breath-stream between the tongue and gum ridge, for a stop and a fricative. The term affricate means "blend", in this case, consisting of a stop and a fricative. The /t/ is a blend combined of [t] and []: it starts out as a [t] stop and then the tongue moves into the position for []. The /d/ is a blend of [d] and []: it starts out as a [d] and then the tongue moves into the usual position for []. Both /t/ and /d/ can occur in initial, medial, and final positions in words. /t/ and /d/ are fairly easy to perceive at normal conversational levels. The overall strength of production is important for /t/ because weakening leads to a [] substitution. /d/ is less tense than /t/, but it is still made with considerable strength. Weakening may lead to a [] substitution. Lip rounding will help to stabilize the sound. 辅音 : 摩擦音和破擦音 本单元我们将学习两类辅音：摩擦音和破擦音。 如果说爆破音是让气流成阻，那么摩擦音就是部分地阻塞气流，发音时气流 可以持续通过口腔形成缝隙的部位，伴随而来的是一种轻微的摩擦声。 摩擦音是英语辅音中数量最多的一类音，包括/f/ /v/ // // /s/ /z/ // // /h/ /t/ /d/. /t∫/和/d/是破擦音。发音时，舌尖抵住上齿龈后部，所产生的音既含/t/与/d/ 的爆破，又含/∫/与//的摩擦。“破擦音”这个词本身暗含“混合”之意，即由爆 破音和摩擦音组成。/t∫/是清辅音, /d/是浊辅音。 / f / / v / / f /和/ v /是唇齿音。前者是清辅音，后者是浊辅音。发音时，上齿紧挨下唇， 然后将气流向外挤出。 对于大多数中国学生来说，发好/ f /不成问题，/ v /则不然。有些人都把/ v / 发成双唇音/ w/或/ b /。此外，人们的发音中还出现将/ v /清音化的趋势，即用/ f / 代替/ v /，特别是/ v /在词尾的时候。 // // // 和 //是齿间音。发音时，舌尖抵及上齿内侧，或置于上下齿之间，舌 身平放口中，气流从舌尖与上下齿之间形成的缝隙中挤出，摩擦生音。//是清 辅音，//是浊辅音。 人们发//时，常常出现一些问题，例如，气流不足便导致齿化音/ t /的出现；