Improving User Profiles for E-Commerce by genetic algorithms A user profile is composed of two parts: user confidence data and user fuzzy cut value. The formal definition of user confidence data is as follows Definition 4. e denotes a set of experts in the system. U represents the set of users who have assigned reference confidence values to experts. T is a confidence value for a user u to an expert e;r:o∈O,e∈E→bo,e.Note that the value of bo,e is a form of human judgment and is represented as a fuzzy term. Generating Navigation-Pattern Cluster Wish-lists Yoda represents the aggregated interests of the users in each cluster by a set of property values(PVs), termed favorite PVs of the cluster. The favorite PV, Fp(k) identifies likelihood of the cluster k being interested in property p of the items and is extracted by applying a voting procedure to the browse-list of the cluster as follows Cp,f(k)=‖{i|i∈Bk Fp()=max|∈F,Cn()=界(CpP(k) Example 1. Suppose the browse-list of cluster K is A, B, G, K,Y, Z, and the values of property"Rock "for the corresponding CDs are((A, high),(B high),(G, low),(K, medium),(Y, high), (Z, high)J. Because"high"has the maximum vote, the favorite PV of cluster K, FRock (K), is"high Based on these extracted favorite PVs of the cluster k, Yoda can evaluate k(i), preference value of an item i for cluster k by quantifying the simi- larity between favorite PVs and proper ty values associated with item i. The aggregation function used to compute uk(i)is Gf(k)={p|f∈F,p∈P,F(k)=f} Ek,f(1)=∫×max{i|p∈Gr(k) vk(i)=maxEk, (i)IVfE Fl (4) Erample 2. Suppose properties are grouped as G medium(K)=Vocal, Sound track), Ghigh(K)=(Rock, Pop), and Glow(K)=(Classic), and the item i defined as [(Rock, low),(Pop, low),(Vocal, low),(Soundtrack, high (Classic, medium)). According to the equations above, the preference value Uk(i)=max(high x low),(medium x high), (low x low))=(medium x high)=0.75 Generating User Wish-lists During the on-line recommendation process Yoda aggregates the experts'wish-lists to generate the predicted user wish list for the active user u. A fuzzy aggregation function is employed to measure❙❯❢❣❧❛❩❇❥✣s✦❵❚♥❨✡r✐❞q❳P❩ ☎❩❇❥✍➦❉③ ❳✽❞✟✉④❥✍❩✸❽❁❸❡❤✕❥❦❢❣❢❣❳P❩❇♦✽❳✸➝❲❝✮➺✐❳✽❚♥❳P❱❇❵ ♦✖⑦❍③❨❦❥✍❩❇❵❱❇✇♥❢❣❞ ✂ Þ ❖▲◗❭■✍◆✮ß❊◆P➱✥￾▲Ï■➢❃④◗✮➮✣➱❛✃✵ß➩➱♥◗❭■❦❑à➱✦❮✱❒❇ç✐➱✢ß▲❏✦◆❭❒✽◗✄✂✈❖▲◗❭■✍◆✵➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■☞❑❊❏❲❒✽❏å❏✦❋▲❑ ❖▲◗❭■✍◆ ❮➊❖❊❰✍❰✍▼☞➮✣❖⑧❒✖Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❛ä❊æ✸❈❊■➽❮➊➱❛◆P✃①❏✦Ï✂❑⑧■✟￾▲❋❊❃❒P❃➱❛❋✝➱✦❮✕❖▲◗❭■✍◆✖➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■✛❑❊❏❲❒✽❏✮❃④◗✱❏❛◗✐❮➊➱❛Ï Ï➱❲ç✖◗✄✂ ✏☞➚✒✑■▼❍❑❏✶❍❾➹✆▼ ✍✏✎✁￾ ❑⑧■✍❋❊➱✦❒P■❦◗✮❏✢◗❭■✣❒✵➱✦❮✖■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗✧❃❋ ❒P❈❊■☞◗❭▼⑧◗❇❒P■✍✃✝ä✄✂ ◆P■✍ß❊◆P■❦◗❭■✍❋♥❒✽◗❣❒P❈❊■ ◗❭■✣❒✡➱✦❮✟❖▲◗❭■✍◆✽◗✱ç✱❈❊➱➢❈▲❏tÒ❛■✛❏❛◗P◗❭❃Ð❛❋❊■❦❑☞◆P■✣❮➊■✍◆P■✍❋▲➮✣■✛➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■✛Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❦◗✱❒P➱➢■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗✍ä✆☎ ❃④◗✡❏ ➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■✡Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■✖❮➊➱❛◆✸❏✛❖▲◗❭■✍◆ ✙➧❒P➱✮❏✦❋➢■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✞✝ ❘✟☎ ✂✡✠✚✜☞☛ ✔✄✝ ✜ ￾✍✌✏✎✒✑✔✓ ✕ ä ✝✖➱✦❒P■ ❒P❈▲❏❲❒➽❒P❈❊■✵Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■✵➱✦❮ ✎✒✑✔✓ ✕ ❃④◗➽❏➧❮➊➱❛◆P✃✘➱✦❮✐❈❉❖❊✃①❏✦❋ ❅❇❖▲❑⑧Ð❛✃✵■✍❋♥❒✛❏✦❋▲❑✢❃④◗❄◆P■✍ß❊◆P■❦◗❭■✍❋♥❒P■❦❑✢❏❛◗➽❏ ❮➊❖❊❰✍❰✍▼➢❒P■✍◆P✃✝ä ✖➚✙▼✕➚♥➘✞❈❆❏✶❍✪▼✢✜✘✗❈✚✙◆❍✒✜✆❈❆❏✶❍❾➹✆▼✙✓❈❆❏✄❏❦➚♥➘✞▼✜✛★❊✣✢✕➷✄❏❦➚♥➘✥✤❍❾➷✕✙☞❊✪❍❾➷✄❏❦➷ ❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏á◆P■✍ß❊◆P■❦◗❭■✍❋♥❒✽◗ ❒P❈❊■á❏✦Ð❛Ð❛◆P■✍Ð♥❏❲❒P■❦❑ ❃❋♥❒P■✍◆P■❦◗❇❒✽◗➢➱✦❮➽❒P❈❊■✢❖▲◗❭■✍◆✽◗①❃❋ ■❦❏❛➮✽❈✫➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆➧❘❉▼⑩❏ ◗❭■✣❒➧➱✦❮❣ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒❇▼ Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❦◗✚✜￾✑❳❄◗☞✣❫❐✈❒P■✍◆P✃✵■❦❑ ✩✟☛✞✗❲ï❲ò✓✒➀îqñ ✠✧✦✂í➧➱✦❮✱❒P❈❊■✝➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆❦ä②æ✸❈❊■➢❮❾❏tÒ❛➱❛◆P❃❒P■ ￾✑❳✧❐✞✜✩★❋✜ ✰❋✣❫❐ ❃④❑⑧■✍❋♥❒P❃￾▲■❦◗➢Ï ❃Ó❛■✍Ï ❃❈❊➱❉➱⑧❑⑩➱✦❮➽❒P❈❊■✢➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✙✰ö❘➩■✍❃❋❊Ð ❃❋♥❒P■✍◆P■❦◗❇❒P■❦❑ö❃❋ ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒❇▼ ✓ ➱✦❮➽❒P❈❊■ ❃❒P■✍✃①◗✛❏✦❋▲❑á❃④◗❣■✣é❉❒P◆✽❏❛➮❫❒P■❦❑á❘❉▼á❏✦ß❊ß❊Ï▼❉❃❋❊Ð✿❏❵✗❲ï❲î✡✒✔✝❉÷❂✽➤òPï✶☎✽ñ☞✌❲ì⑧òPñ①❒P➱✝❒P❈❊■✢õ✣òPï❲ó②í✍ñ✟✠✼✏✒④í❫î❣➱✦❮ ❒P❈❊■✛➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✖❏❛◗✐❮➊➱❛Ï Ï➱❲ç✖◗✄✂ ✪★ ✓ ✫ ✜ ✰❋✣ ✏✭✬ ✒✕✔ ✖ ✔ ✜✙✭✄✯ ✔ ✓✗✖ ✕ ✏✯✮ ✘ ✬ ✜✩★❛✜ ✰❋✣ ✏ ✃①❏❲é ✒✰✮ ✖✱✮ ✜✙✜✚✔ ✪★ ✓ ✫ ✜ ✰❋✣ ✏ ✃①❏❲é ✲ ✫✴✳✶✵✚✷ ✒ ✪★ ✓ ✫✴✳ ✜ ✰❋✣ ✘✌✘ ✜✪❚ ✣ ✂✲✭✙☛❲ð✛✽✴✏ ñ ✡✌☞✡❆❉❖❊ß❊ß➩➱♥◗❭■➽❒P❈❊■❣❘❊◆P➱❲ç✖◗❭■✣❅❡Ï ❃④◗❇❒✸➱✦❮②➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✹✸✓❃④◗ ✒ Þ ❐❋✘❄❐✆✮✮❐✆✺✵❐❉❂✮❐✼✻ ✘ ❐❊❏✦❋▲❑ ❒P❈❊■✖Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❦◗✼➱✦❮➤ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒❇▼✢ê✮✪✱➱⑧➮✽Ó⑧ø✡❮➊➱❛◆✼❒P❈❊■✡➮✣➱❛◆P◆P■❦◗❭ß➩➱❛❋▲❑⑧❃❋❊Ð✧●❄✹❄◗❍❏✦◆P■ ✒★✜Þ ❐♥❈❊❃Ð❛❈✆✣❫❐✆✜✪✘❄❐ ❈❊❃Ð❛❈✆✣❫❐❀✜✡✮✮❐❉Ï➱❲ç✢✣❫❐✴✜✣✺✵❐❉✃✵■❦❑⑧❃❖❊✃✣❫❐❀✜➀❂✮❐❉❈❊❃Ð❛❈✆✣❫❐❀✜✽✻✕❐❉❈❊❃Ð❛❈✆✣ ✘ ä❆✘✐■❦➮✍❏✦❖▲◗❭■➢ê❭❈❊❃Ð❛❈▲ø✛❈▲❏❛◗✼❒P❈❊■ ✃①❏❲é⑧❃✃✧❖❊✃ Ò❛➱✦❒P■❛❐❉❒P❈❊■➽❮❾❏tÒ❛➱❛◆P❃❒P■ ￾✑❳ ➱✦❮②➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✾✸❐★✜❀✿✑❂❁ ✯❆✜✣✸P✣❫❐❊❃④◗✵ê❭❈❊❃Ð❛❈▲ø❊ä ✘✸❏❛◗❭■❦❑✮➱❛❋✮❒P❈❊■❦◗❭■✖■✣é❉❒P◆✽❏❛➮❫❒P■❦❑✧❮❾❏tÒ❛➱❛◆P❃❒P■✎￾✑❳❄◗✼➱✦❮➤❒P❈❊■✡➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆ ✰➤❐✦❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏✛➮✍❏✦❋✵■✍Ò❲❏✦Ï❖▲❏❲❒P■ ✥✯❆✜ ✔ ✣❫❐✟ß❊◆P■✣❮➊■✍◆P■✍❋▲➮✣■➧Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■☞➱✦❮❄❏✦❋➯❃❒P■✍✃ ✔➽❮➊➱❛◆✵➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆ ✰➤❐②❘❉▼ Ñ♥❖▲❏✦❋♥❒P❃❮➊▼❉❃❋❊Ð✢❒P❈❊■✝◗❭❃✃✵❃ ❅ Ï④❏✦◆P❃❒❇▼➢❘➩■✣❒❇ç✐■✍■✍❋➧❮❾❏tÒ❛➱❛◆P❃❒P■ ￾✑❳❄◗✱❏✦❋▲❑➧ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒❇▼①Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❦◗✖❏❛◗P◗❭➱⑧➮✣❃④❏❲❒P■❦❑➢ç✱❃❒P❈✝❃❒P■✍✃ ✔✽ä❊æ✸❈❊■ ❏✦Ð❛Ð❛◆P■✍Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋①❮➊❖❊❋▲➮❫❒P❃➱❛❋✝❖▲◗❭■❦❑➢❒P➱➢➮✣➱❛✃✵ß❊❖⑧❒P■✱✥✯❆✜ ✔ ✣✐❃④◗✄✂ ❃✫ ✜ ✰❋✣ ✏✓✒✓ ✖✱✮ ✜✙✜✚✔✞✓ ✜✆✘✚✔ ✜✩★❋✜ ✰❋✣ ✏✯✮ ✘ ￾✯ ✓ ✫ ✜ ✔ ✣ ✏❄✮❆❅☞✃①❏❲é ✒✓✗✖ ✕ ✖✌✓ ✜ ❃✫ ✜ ✰❋✣ ✘ ✥✯❆✜ ✔ ✣ ✏ ✃①❏❲é ✒￾✯ ✓ ✫ ✜ ✔ ✣✎✖✴❇❈✮✤✜✆✜✘ ✜❑✲✙✣ ✂✲✭✙☛❲ð✛✽✴✏ ñ❊❉☞✡❆❉❖❊ß❊ß➩➱♥◗❭■✼ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒P❃■❦◗❁❏✦◆P■②Ð❛◆P➱❛❖❊ß➩■❦❑➽❏❛◗ ❃✡❋✕❍● ✖ ✛❋ ✜✣✸P✣ ✏ ✒✶❳✟➱⑧➮✍❏✦Ï❯❐✍❆❉➱❛❖❊❋▲❑❉❅ ❒P◆✽❏❛➮✽Ó ✘ ❐ ❃❏■ ✖ ❑ ■ ✜✣✸P✣✚✏ ✒ ✪✱➱⑧➮✽Ó➤❐ ￾②➱❛ß ✘ ❐✈❏✦❋▲❑ ❃✁▲ ✑◆▼ ✜✣✸P✣✚✏ ✒✦●❍Ï④❏❛◗P◗❭❃④➮ ✘ ❐✂❏✦❋▲❑á❒P❈❊■➧❃❒P■✍✃ ✔ ❃④◗➧❑⑧■✟￾▲❋❊■❦❑ ❏❛◗✤✒❨✜✪✱➱⑧➮✽Ó➤❐❍Ï➱❲ç✢✣❫❐✢✜￾②➱❛ß✂❐❍Ï➱❲ç✢✣❫❐✢✜❑❳✟➱⑧➮✍❏✦Ï❯❐✐Ï➱❲ç✢✣❫❐✢✜❯❆❉➱❛❖❊❋▲❑❉❒P◆✽❏❛➮✽Ó➤❐❍❈❊❃Ð❛❈✆✣❫❐ ✜❡●❍Ï④❏❛◗P◗❭❃④➮✦❐▲✃✵■❦❑⑧❃❖❊✃✣ ✘ ä Þ➮✍➮✣➱❛◆✽❑⑧❃❋❊Ð①❒P➱➢❒P❈❊■✧■❦Ñ♥❖▲❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋▲◗❄❏✦❘➩➱❲Ò❛■❛❐⑧❒P❈❊■✮ß❊◆P■✣❮➊■✍◆P■✍❋▲➮✣■✛Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■ ✥✱❖❂✜ ✔ ✣ ✏⑩✃①❏❲é ✒❂✜➊❈❊❃Ð❛❈✥❅àÏ➱❲ç✢✣❫❐❀✜➊✃✵■❦❑⑧❃❖❊✃✏❅ ❈❊❃Ð❛❈✆✣❫❐❀✜➊Ï➱❲çP❅àÏ➱❲ç✢✣ ✘ ✏ ✜➊✃✵■❦❑⑧❃❖❊✃✏❅ ❈❊❃Ð❛❈✆✣ ✏ ❭❊ä ❪ ✁ ä ✖➚✙▼✕➚♥➘✞❈❆❏✶❍✪▼✢✜ ✣☞➷❦➚♥➘❊✤❍❾➷✕✙☞❊✪❍❾➷✄❏❦➷ ✹✡❖❊◆P❃❋❊Ð✛❒P❈❊■✡➱❛❋⑧❅❡Ï ❃❋❊■✖◆P■❦➮✣➱❛✃✵✃✵■✍❋▲❑❊❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋✵ß❊◆P➱⑧➮✣■❦◗P◗✍❐ ❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏➢❏✦Ð❛Ð❛◆P■✍Ð♥❏❲❒P■❦◗✐❒P❈❊■✛■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗✍ü▲ç✱❃④◗❭❈⑧❅❡Ï ❃④◗❇❒✽◗✱❒P➱➢Ð❛■✍❋❊■✍◆✽❏❲❒P■➽❒P❈❊■✧ß❊◆P■❦❑⑧❃④➮❫❒P■❦❑✿❖▲◗❭■✍◆✖ç✱❃④◗❭❈⑧❅ Ï ❃④◗❇❒✕❮➊➱❛◆✕❒P❈❊■✸❏❛➮❫❒P❃Ò❛■❍❖▲◗❭■✍◆✩✙✕ä Þ ❮➊❖❊❰✍❰✍▼✛❏✦Ð❛Ð❛◆P■✍Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋❄❮➊❖❊❋▲➮❫❒P❃➱❛❋✧❃④◗✕■✍✃✵ß❊Ï➱❲▼❛■❦❑➽❒P➱❄✃✵■❦❏❛◗❭❖❊◆P■