Yi-Shin Chen and Cyrus Sha can represent various aggregated access features with any required precision With FM, the patterns of both user and a cluster of users are modeled Here, Yoda uses FM to model the navigation patterns of the active users individually, and then the aggregated navigation pattern of each cluster is generated by clustering a collection of user navigation behaviors. Yoda also applies a similarity measure, termed Projected Pure eudidean distance (PPED)[18, to evaluate the similarity of a user navigation to a cluster nav gation pattern Thus, Yoda quantifies the confidence value a user to each navigation pattern cluster and initializes the corresponding user profile, which a list of confidence values to experts and a user perception standard ut). However, because the PPED method can only apply to FM model, Yoda cannot acquire the confidence values of a user's interests to the recommen- e 4.2 Phase Ii-Ranking the items T wo types of work in Yoda oIve ranking the The first ty ating the experts'recommendations, which are lists of ranked items produced by either human experts, clusters of users, or clusters of navigation patterns In our previous work [1, a content analysis technique was proposed to ab- stract common interests from navigation pat terns. With this technique, the system can generate a list of ranked items for each navigation-pattern clus- er. However, for the sake of simplicity, we briefly des cribe this technique and lly focus other ty pe of ranking work- generating the user wish-list online. In order to properly des cribe this method, we first formally define terms. Definition 1. An item is an instance of product, service, etc that is pre- ented in a web-site. Items are described by their properties, which are ab i=i(p, ii)I p is a property E P, p: is a fuzzy set E FJEI(1) For example, for a music CD as an item, "styles of the music, " ratings", and "popularity can be considered as properties of the item. Since properties are perceptual we use fuzzy-sets to evaluate properties. L Definition 2. A wish-list, I2, for user/expert a is defined as I2=l(, v2(i))i is an item, v2(i)E[0, 11 (2) here the preference value v2(@) measures the probability of item i be of Definition 3. A cluster browse-list, B,, for navigation-pattern cluster k a list of items visited by all users in this cluster.❻ ➳✸❵ ❸❡❜✦✇♥❵❚①❤✕✇♥❳✽❚✵❬✍❚❉❪①❤✈❝✦❩❇♠♥❞❍❜✦✇❉❬✍✇❉❬✍➝♥❵ ➮✍❏✦❋➢◆P■✍ß❊◆P■❦◗❭■✍❋♥❒❍Ò❲❏✦◆P❃➱❛❖▲◗❍❏✦Ð❛Ð❛◆P■✍Ð♥❏❲❒P■❦❑✮❏❛➮✍➮✣■❦◗P◗✟❮➊■❦❏❲❒P❖❊◆P■❦◗❍ç✱❃❒P❈➧❏✦❋❉▼✵◆P■❦Ñ♥❖❊❃ ◆P■❦❑✵ß❊◆P■❦➮✣❃④◗❭❃➱❛❋✂ä û✫❃❒P❈ ❃■✿à❐✣❒P❈❊■✼ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋▲◗✂➱✦❮❉❘➩➱✦❒P❈✛❏✱◗❭❃❋❊Ð❛Ï■✟❖▲◗❭■✍◆✈❏✦❋▲❑❣❏✱➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✂➱✦❮❉❖▲◗❭■✍◆✽◗✂❏✦◆P■✟✃✵➱⑧❑⑧■✍Ï■❦❑❁ä ✦✖■✍◆P■❛❐♥❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏✧❖▲◗❭■❦◗ ❃■✿✩❒P➱✵✃✵➱⑧❑⑧■✍Ï➤❒P❈❊■➽❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋①ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋▲◗✸➱✦❮✂❒P❈❊■❣❏❛➮❫❒P❃Ò❛■❄❖▲◗❭■✍◆✽◗ ❃❋▲❑⑧❃Ò❉❃④❑⑧❖▲❏✦Ï Ï▼❛❐➽❏✦❋▲❑ ❒P❈❊■✍❋ ❒P❈❊■ö❏✦Ð❛Ð❛◆P■✍Ð♥❏❲❒P■❦❑ ❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋ ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋ ➱✦❮①■❦❏❛➮✽❈ ➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆ ❃④◗➢Ð❛■✍❋❊■✍◆✽❏❲❒P■❦❑➯❘❉▼⑩➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆P❃❋❊Ð ❏à➮✣➱❛Ï Ï■❦➮❫❒P❃➱❛❋⑩➱✦❮❣❖▲◗❭■✍◆➢❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋ö❘➩■✍❈▲❏tÒ❉❃➱❛◆✽◗✍ä②❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏ ❏✦Ï④◗❭➱①❏✦ß❊ß❊Ï ❃■❦◗✱❏✵◗❭❃✃✵❃ Ï④❏✦◆P❃❒❇▼➢✃✵■❦❏❛◗❭❖❊◆P■❛❐❉❒P■✍◆P✃✵■❦❑ ✠✐òPï✁￾✍ñ☞☎✣îqñ☞✌ ✠✐ì⑧òPñ✄✂✐ì❛☎✟✏✒✪✌❛ñ☞☛✞✝✆☎✒④í❫î✼☛✞✝✴☎✽ñ ✩✠✠✝✂✞☎★✫❲✯ ✱✶❱✞✸❡❐❛❒P➱✧■✍Ò❲❏✦Ï❖▲❏❲❒P■✡❒P❈❊■❄◗❭❃✃✵❃ Ï④❏✦◆P❃❒❇▼✵➱✦❮✕❏✛❖▲◗❭■✍◆✐❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋✮❒P➱✵❏✧➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✐❋▲❏tÒ♥❅ ❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋☞ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋✂ä æ✸❈❉❖▲◗✍❐✼❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏ Ñ♥❖▲❏✦❋♥❒P❃￾▲■❦◗①❒P❈❊■á➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■åÒ❲❏✦Ï❖❊■á❏à❖▲◗❭■✍◆➢❒P➱ ■❦❏❛➮✽❈✫❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋⑧❅ ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋✿➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✡❏✦❋▲❑☞❃❋❊❃❒P❃④❏✦Ï ❃❰✍■❦◗✐❒P❈❊■✧➮✣➱❛◆P◆P■❦◗❭ß➩➱❛❋▲❑⑧❃❋❊Ð✮❖▲◗❭■✍◆✱ß❊◆P➱✥￾▲Ï■❛❐❊ç✱❈❊❃④➮✽❈✿➮✣➱❛❋♥❒✽❏✦❃❋▲◗ ❏➢Ï ❃④◗❇❒➽➱✦❮✐➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■✧Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❦◗✡❒P➱➧■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗❄❏✦❋▲❑✢❏➢❖▲◗❭■✍◆❄ß➩■✍◆✽➮✣■✍ß⑧❒P❃➱❛❋á◗❇❒✽❏✦❋▲❑❊❏✦◆✽❑ ✜➀❮➊❖❊❰✍❰✍▼ ➮✣❖⑧❒✓✣❫ä✞✦✖➱❲ç✐■✍Ò❛■✍◆❦❐✍❘➩■❦➮✍❏✦❖▲◗❭■✼❒P❈❊■ ￾ ￾✠✟✎✹➯✃✵■✣❒P❈❊➱⑧❑✧➮✍❏✦❋✛➱❛❋❊Ï▼❣❏✦ß❊ß❊Ï▼➽❒P➱❩❃■✿ ✃✵➱⑧❑⑧■✍Ï❯❐❦❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏ ➮✍❏✦❋❊❋❊➱✦❒❣❏❛➮✍Ñ♥❖❊❃ ◆P■✧❒P❈❊■①➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■✮Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❦◗❄➱✦❮✸❏➧❖▲◗❭■✍◆❦ü ◗❄❃❋♥❒P■✍◆P■❦◗❇❒✽◗✖❒P➱☞❒P❈❊■✵◆P■❦➮✣➱❛✃✵✃✵■✍❋⑧❅ ❑❊❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋☞Ï ❃④◗❇❒✽◗✱➱✦❮✕➱✦❒P❈❊■✍◆✱■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗✖❏❲❒✸❒P❈❊❃④◗✖◗❇❒P■✍ß✂ä ✍✏✎☛✡ ✓✖✕❈❊➷❦➚✘✗✆✗ ✙✌☞❈❋▼✎✍◆❍✪▼✢✜❵❏ ✕➚ ✗✓❏❦➚✙❖➷ æ✸ç✐➱➽❒❇▼❉ß➩■❦◗✼➱✦❮➤ç✐➱❛◆PÓ✛❃❋✵❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏❣❃❋❉Ò❛➱❛ÏÒ❛■✸◆✽❏✦❋❊Ó❉❃❋❊Ð➽❒P❈❊■✖❃❒P■✍✃①◗✍ä♥æ✸❈❊■ ￾▲◆✽◗❇❒✼❒❇▼❉ß➩■✖❃④◗✟Ð❛■✍❋❊■✍◆❭❅ ❏❲❒P❃❋❊Ð✡❒P❈❊■✸■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗✍üt◆P■❦➮✣➱❛✃✵✃✵■✍❋▲❑❊❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋▲◗✍❐tç✱❈❊❃④➮✽❈✮❏✦◆P■✐Ï ❃④◗❇❒✽◗✕➱✦❮➩◆✽❏✦❋❊Ó❛■❦❑❣❃❒P■✍✃①◗②ß❊◆P➱⑧❑⑧❖▲➮✣■❦❑ ❘❉▼✵■✍❃❒P❈❊■✍◆❍❈❉❖❊✃①❏✦❋➢■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗✍❐❉➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✽◗✼➱✦❮✂❖▲◗❭■✍◆✽◗✍❐❛➱❛◆✐➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✽◗✼➱✦❮✂❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋✵ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋▲◗✍ä èq❋ ➱❛❖❊◆❣ß❊◆P■✍Ò❉❃➱❛❖▲◗❄ç✐➱❛◆PÓ✁✯ ✱✟✸❡❐✈❏✝➮✣➱❛❋♥❒P■✍❋♥❒✛❏✦❋▲❏✦Ï▼⑧◗❭❃④◗✡❒P■❦➮✽❈❊❋❊❃④Ñ♥❖❊■①ç✸❏❛◗❄ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩➱♥◗❭■❦❑å❒P➱å❏✦❘⑧❅ ◗❇❒P◆✽❏❛➮❫❒➽➮✣➱❛✃✵✃✵➱❛❋✿❃❋♥❒P■✍◆P■❦◗❇❒✽◗✖❮➊◆P➱❛✃ ❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋✝ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋▲◗✍ä➩û✫❃❒P❈å❒P❈❊❃④◗✖❒P■❦➮✽❈❊❋❊❃④Ñ♥❖❊■❛❐➩❒P❈❊■ ◗❭▼⑧◗❇❒P■✍✃✘➮✍❏✦❋✿Ð❛■✍❋❊■✍◆✽❏❲❒P■✧❏①Ï ❃④◗❇❒❄➱✦❮✼◆✽❏✦❋❊Ó❛■❦❑✝❃❒P■✍✃①◗✖❮➊➱❛◆❄■❦❏❛➮✽❈✿❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋⑧❅❡ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋✝➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❅ ❒P■✍◆❦ä❉✦✖➱❲ç✐■✍Ò❛■✍◆❦❐❦❮➊➱❛◆②❒P❈❊■✡◗P❏✦Ó❛■✸➱✦❮❁◗❭❃✃✵ß❊Ï ❃④➮✣❃❒❇▼❛❐✦ç✐■✸❘❊◆P❃■✗✫▲▼✮❑⑧■❦◗P➮✣◆P❃❘➩■✸❒P❈❊❃④◗②❒P■❦➮✽❈❊❋❊❃④Ñ♥❖❊■✖❏✦❋▲❑ ➱❛❋❊Ï▼✢❮➊➱⑧➮✣❖▲◗✛➱❛❋ ❏✦❋❊➱✦❒P❈❊■✍◆✛❒❇▼❉ß➩■➢➱✦❮✖◆✽❏✦❋❊Ó❉❃❋❊Ð✿ç✐➱❛◆PÓå❅❄Ð❛■✍❋❊■✍◆✽❏❲❒P❃❋❊Ð✝❒P❈❊■➢❖▲◗❭■✍◆✧ç✱❃④◗❭❈⑧❅❡Ï ❃④◗❇❒ ➱❛❋❊Ï ❃❋❊■❛ä✟èq❋➯➱❛◆✽❑⑧■✍◆✮❒P➱áß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆PÏ▼ ❑⑧■❦◗P➮✣◆P❃❘➩■➧❒P❈❊❃④◗✵✃✵■✣❒P❈❊➱⑧❑❁❐✟ç✐■✚￾▲◆✽◗❇❒✮❮➊➱❛◆P✃①❏✦Ï Ï▼ ❑⑧■✟￾▲❋❊■ ◗❭➱❛✃✵■➽❋❊■❦➮✣■❦◗P◗P❏✦◆P▼✵❒P■✍◆P✃①◗✍ä ✏☞➚✒✑■▼❍❑❏✶❍❾➹✆▼ ✑ ✎ Þ❋ ✒➀îqñ✣ð✓❃④◗✛❏✦❋ ❃❋▲◗❇❒✽❏✦❋▲➮✣■①➱✦❮✱ß❊◆P➱⑧❑⑧❖▲➮❫❒❦❐✈◗❭■✍◆PÒ❉❃④➮✣■❛❐✂■✣❒✽➮✦ä❁❒P❈▲❏❲❒✧❃④◗✛ß❊◆P■✣❅ ◗❭■✍❋♥❒P■❦❑✢❃❋ ❏☞ç✐■✍❘⑧❅q◗❭❃❒P■❛ä❁è❡❒P■✍✃①◗❣❏✦◆P■✵❑⑧■❦◗P➮✣◆P❃❘➩■❦❑✢❘❉▼✿❒P❈❊■✍❃ ◆❩✽➤òPï✖✽▲ñ✣ò❫î✡✒❾ñ❫í❫❐✂ç✱❈❊❃④➮✽❈ ❏✦◆P■①❏✦❘⑧❅ ◗❇❒P◆✽❏❛➮❫❒✱ß➩■✍◆✽➮✣■✍ß⑧❒P❖▲❏✦Ï➤❮➊■❦❏❲❒P❖❊◆P■❦◗✍ä ✔✲✏ ✒✙✜✓✎✔✒✕✓✗✖✪✣ ✖✌✓✝❃④◗✖❏✮ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒❇▼ ✜✙✘✚✔✛✕✓✗✖✟❃④◗✱❏✮❮➊❖❊❰✍❰✍▼➧◗❭■✣❒ ✜✆✜✘ ✜ ✍ ✜ ✱✤✣ ❃❊➱❛◆✟■✣é❊❏✦✃✵ß❊Ï■❛❐❲❮➊➱❛◆✼❏➽✃✧❖▲◗❭❃④➮✡●❄✹ ❏❛◗✼❏✦❋✮❃❒P■✍✃✝❐✈êP◗❇❒❇▼❉Ï■❦◗Pø✡➱✦❮➩❒P❈❊■✱✃✧❖▲◗❭❃④➮✦❐✂ê❭◆✽❏❲❒P❃❋❊Ð♥◗Pø❊❐❲❏✦❋▲❑ ê❭ß➩➱❛ß❊❖❊Ï④❏✦◆P❃❒❇▼⑧ø❄➮✍❏✦❋✮❘➩■✖➮✣➱❛❋▲◗❭❃④❑⑧■✍◆P■❦❑✧❏❛◗②ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒P❃■❦◗②➱✦❮▲❒P❈❊■✱❃❒P■✍✃✝ä❉❆❉❃❋▲➮✣■✸ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒P❃■❦◗✟❏✦◆P■ ß➩■✍◆✽➮✣■✍ß⑧❒P❖▲❏✦Ï❁ç✐■❣❖▲◗❭■❄❮➊❖❊❰✍❰✍▼♥❅q◗❭■✣❒✽◗✐❒P➱①■✍Ò❲❏✦Ï❖▲❏❲❒P■➽ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩■✍◆❭❒P❃■❦◗✍ä ✏☞➚✒✑■▼❍❑❏✶❍❾➹✆▼ ✡ ✎ Þ ç✱❃④◗❭❈⑧❅❡Ï ❃④◗❇❒❦❐✰✍✣✢❊❐⑧❮➊➱❛◆✱❖▲◗❭■✍◆✗✥t■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✚✤å❃④◗✱❑⑧■✟￾▲❋❊■❦❑✝❏❛◗✄✂ ✍✣✢✚✏ ✒✙✜ ✔✌✔✦✥✧✢❋✜ ✔ ✣ ✣ ✖ ✔❍❃④◗✱❏✦❋✝❃❒P■✍✃✙✔✦✥✧✢❛✜ ✔ ✣ ✜ ✯❭★✔✄✱✟✸ ✘ ✜✡✷❉✣ ç✱❈❊■✍◆P■❄❒P❈❊■✢✽➤òPñ✪✩✣ñ✣òPñ✟✝✴☎✽ñ✛Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■✄✥✧✢❛✜ ✔ ✣✐✃✵■❦❏❛◗❭❖❊◆P■❦◗❍❒P❈❊■❣ß❊◆P➱❛❘▲❏✦❘❊❃ Ï ❃❒❇▼➢➱✦❮✕❃❒P■✍✃ ✔✼❘➩■❣➱✦❮ ❃❋♥❒P■✍◆P■❦◗❇❒✸❒P➱①❖▲◗❭■✍◆✗✥t■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✚✤✈ä ✏☞➚✒✑■▼❍❑❏✶❍❾➹✆▼✬✫ ✎ Þ ➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆❄❘❊◆P➱❲ç✖◗❭■✣❅❡Ï ❃④◗❇❒❦❐✮✭✄✯❉❐➩❮➊➱❛◆❄❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋⑧❅❡ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋å➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✱✰✿❃④◗ ❏✮Ï ❃④◗❇❒✖➱✦❮②❃❒P■✍✃①◗✸Ò❉❃④◗❭❃❒P■❦❑☞❘❉▼➧❏✦Ï Ï✂❖▲◗❭■✍◆✽◗✐❃❋☞❒P❈❊❃④◗✖➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆❦ä