SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Below is a list of symbols and abbreviations used in this solutions manual c with those used in the etoo by Wade.Dont of these tomake sense toyouou m them throughout your study of organic chemistry.) BONDS a single bond a double bond a triple bond a bond in three dimensions,coming out of the paper toward the reader a bond in three dimensions,going behind the paper away from the reader a stretched bond,in the process of forming or breaking ARROWS in a reaction,shows direction from reactants to products signifies equilibrium (not to be confused with resonance) signifies resonance(not to be confused with equilibrium) the arrowhead with two barbs shows movement of a pair of electrons 十一 shows polarity of a bond or molecule,the arrowhead signifying the more negative end of the dipole SUBSTITUENT GROUPS Me a methyl group.CH3 an ethyl group,CH2CH a propyl group,a three carbon group(two possible arrangements) a butyl group.a four carbon group(four possible arrangements) R the general abbreviation for an alkyl group (or any substituent group not under scrutiny) a phenyl group,the name of a benzene ring as a substituent,represented: or N the general name for an aromatic group continued on next page viiSYMBOLS AND ABBREVIA TIONS Below is a list of symbols and abbreviations used in this Solutions Manual, consistent with those used in the textbook by Wade. (Do not expect all of these to make sense to you now. You will learn them throughout your study of organic chemistry.) BONDS - 111111111111 ARROWS - .. .. a single bond a double bond a triple bond a bond in three dimensions, coming out of the paper toward the reader a bond in three dimensions, going behind the paper away from the reader a stretched bond, in the process of forming or breaking in a reaction, shows direction from reactants to products signifies equilibrium (not to be confused with resonance) signifies resonance (not to be confused with equilibrium) shows direction of electron movement: the arrowhead with one barb shows movement of one electron; the arrowhead with two barbs shows movement of a pair of electrons shows polarity of a bond or molecule, the arrowhead signifying the more negative end of the dipole SUBSTITUENT GROUPS Me a methyl group, CH3 Et an ethyl group, CH2CH3 Pr a propyl group, a three carbon group (two possible arrangements) Bu a butyl group, a four carbon group (four possible arrangements) R the general abbreviation for an alkyl group (or any substituent group not under scrutiny) Ph a phenyl group, the name of a benzene ring as a substituent, represented: < » or Ar the general name for an aromatic group continued on next page 0- vii