Table of Contents U Thinking Through Reactions of Enols and Enolates. 166 Haloform r eactions 16G Aldol reactions and condensations 16R Addition reactions to unsaturated aldehydes and ketones... 173 Other enolate-related reactions. 178 Miscellaneous reactions. .180 Chapter 12:Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives..............187 se8ahcAcseaaamieatureod 1只8 .188 Checking Out Some Physical Properties of Carboxvlic Acids and Derivatives .193 Carboxylic acids.. .193 Esters. 193 Amides.. .194 Considering the Acidity of Carboxylic Acids194 Determining How Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Are Synthesized.. Synth zing ca c acids lide s with hal ogen ides cidsand al Uniting acids 00g and bases together to create amides 209 ous carboxvlic acids 90g Simple acyl halide and anhydride reactions. 210 Hydrolvsis of esters .210 Amide reactions ester's cousins 211 Other reactions of carboxvlic acids and derivatives .213 Taking a Look at Spectroscopy and Chemical Tests.. .217 Identifying compounds with spectral data... .218 Using chemical tests... .218 Part IV:Advanced Topics (Every Student's Nightmare)21g Chapter 13:Amines and Friends...... ...221 Breaking Down the Structure and Nomenclature of N unds and tertiary amine 992 (qua erna mon um salts) 224 Table of Contents xv Thinking Through Reactions of Enols and Enolates ...............................166 Haloform reactions ............................................................................166 Aldol reactions and condensations .................................................168 Addition reactions to unsaturated aldehydes and ketones .........173 Other enolate-related reactions .......................................................178 Miscellaneous reactions ...................................................................180 Chapter 12: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Seeing the Structure and Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives ..........................................................188 Structure .............................................................................................188 Nomenclature .....................................................................................188 Checking Out Some Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives ..........................................................193 Carboxylic acids .................................................................................193 Esters ...................................................................................................193 Amides .................................................................................................194 Considering the Acidity of Carboxylic Acids ...........................................194 Determining How Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Are Synthesized ...................................................................196 Synthesizing carboxylic acids ..........................................................196 Developing acyl halides with halogen .............................................199 Removing water to form acid anhydrides ......................................200 Uniting acids and alcohols to make esters .....................................202 Bringing acids and bases together to create amides ....................206 Exploring Reactions ....................................................................................208 Generous carboxylic acids ...............................................................209 Simple acyl halide and anhydride reactions ..................................210 Hydrolysis of esters ...........................................................................210 Amide reactions, ester’s cousins .....................................................211 Other reactions of carboxylic acids and derivatives ....................213 Taking a Look at Spectroscopy and Chemical Tests ..............................217 Identifying compounds with spectral data .....................................218 Using chemical tests ..........................................................................218 Part IV: Advanced Topics (Every Student’s Nightmare) ............................................... 219 Chapter 13: Amines and Friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Breaking Down the Structure and Nomenclature of Nitrogen Compounds ..........................................................................221 Primary amines ..................................................................................222 Secondary and tertiary amines ........................................................223 Quaternary amines (quaternary ammonium salts) .......................223 Heterocyclics ......................................................................................224 02_178157-ftoc.indd xv 5/28/10 9:44 AM