xvi Organic Chemistry ll For Dummies Sizing Up the Physical Properties 225 Understanding the Basicity of Nitrogen Compounds..................226 Synthesizing Nitrogen Compounds.. 422 Nucleophilic substitution reactions Reduction preparations.. Seeing How Nitrogen Compounds React. ons with nitrous acic salts... onyl chloride elimin actions Master ng Multiste 94 Identifving Nitrogen Compounds with Analysis and Spectroscopy 246 Chapter 14:Metals Muscling In:Organometallics...............249 Grignard Reage E gnard reagent reag nts Orga 956 057 258 Chapter 15:More Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds. .261 ondensation and Its Variations. 26 sen col g a bli ssed Othe acetic Ester Defining malonic Ester sv 260 Working with Other Active Hydrogen Atoms 972 Reacting with knoev agel Condensation. 972 Looking at Mannich Reactions.. 275 Creating Enamines:Stork Enamine Synthesis. 277 Putting It All Together with Barbiturates... .279 Chapter 16:Living Large:Biomolecules. 281 Delving into Carbohydrate Complexities )Q9 Introducing carbohydrates 2R2 Examining the many reactions of monosaccharides 2R6 201 Meeting the (Daldose family 293 Checking out a few disaccharides 295 Looking at some polysaccharides. .29 Discovering nitrogen-containing sugars .298 Lipids:Storing Energy Now So You Can Study Longer Later.... 299 Pondering the properties of fats... Soaping up with saponification.... .300xvi Organic Chemistry II For Dummies Sizing Up the Physical Properties .............................................................225 Understanding the Basicity of Nitrogen Compounds .............................226 Synthesizing Nitrogen Compounds ...........................................................227 Nucleophilic substitution reactions ................................................227 Reduction preparations ....................................................................229 Seeing How Nitrogen Compounds React ..................................................233 Reactions with nitrous acid ..............................................................233 Replacement reactions......................................................................235 Coupling reactions of diazonium salts ............................................239 Reactions with sulfonyl chlorides ...................................................239 Exploring elimination reactions .......................................................241 Mastering Multistep Synthesis ...................................................................244 Identifying Nitrogen Compounds with Analysis and Spectroscopy ........246 Chapter 14: Metals Muscling In: Organometallics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Grignard Reagents: Grin and Bear It .........................................................249 Preparation of Grignard reagents ....................................................250 Reactions of Grignard reagents........................................................250 Organolithium Reagents .............................................................................256 Formation of Other Organometallics ........................................................257 Putting It Together ......................................................................................258 Chapter 15: More Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Checking Out the Claisen Condensation and Its Variations ..................262 Doing the two-step: Claisen condensation .....................................262 Circling around: Dieckmann condensation ....................................264 Doubling Up: Crossed Claisen condensation .................................265 Other carbanions ...............................................................................266 Exploring Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis .....................................................267 Defi ning Malonic Ester Synthesis ..............................................................269 Working with Other Active Hydrogen Atoms ..........................................273 Reacting with Knoevenagel Condensation ...............................................273 Looking at Mannich Reactions ...................................................................275 Creating Enamines: Stork Enamine Synthesis ..........................................277 Putting It All Together with Barbiturates .................................................279 Chapter 16: Living Large: Biomolecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 Delving into Carbohydrate Complexities .................................................282 Introducing carbohydrates ...............................................................282 Examining the many reactions of monosaccharides ....................286 Synthesizing and degrading monosaccharides..............................291 Meeting the (D-)aldose family ..........................................................293 Checking out a few disaccharides ...................................................295 Looking at some polysaccharides ...................................................296 Discovering nitrogen-containing sugars .........................................298 Lipids: Storing Energy Now So You Can Study Longer Later .................299 Pondering the properties of fats ......................................................299 Soaping up with saponifi cation ........................................................300 02_178157-ftoc.indd xvi 5/28/10 9:44 AM