Nature of image contrast Mass-thickness contrast Annular dark field (ADF-STEM) HAADF,if 0in>50 mrad Amplitude contrast Diffraction contrast Kinematic theory and expression Phase contrast (HREM) Thin specimen 10 nm 4Nature of image contrast • Mass-thickness contrast • Annular dark field (ADF-STEM) – HAADF, if in > 50 mrad • Diffraction contrast – Kinematic theory and expression • Phase contrast (HREM) – Thin specimen < 10 nm 4 Amplitude contrast