vi道 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Masataka Banno,Ida M.Cannon,Chang Te-ch'ang,W.C.Costin,Wilma C.Fairbank,the late Roger S.Greene,Kwang-ching Liu,the late William E.Soothill,the late B.Humphrey Sumner,Ssu-yu Teng,James R.Ware, CONTENTS Mary Wright,L.S.Yang,and Gerald Yorke;and for practical help of the most tangible sort to Rosamond Chapman,Marjorie Ellms,Wilma Fair- PART I bank,Norma Ford,Hope Kay,Marian Schlesinger,and especially E-tu CHINA'S UNPREPAREDNESS FOR WESTERN CONTACT Zen Sun,who read over most of my translations and.contributed particu- larly to Chapter 14. Page J.K.F. 1.THE PROBLEM OF CHINA'S RESPONSE TO THE WEST The kistorical context of the period 1842-54.The nature of Chinese A Note on Romanization.Trying to write English letters so as to represent society and its response to the West.China's conception of the Chinese sounds is a fruitless effort.Romanization can never be made exact Western barbarians.The confusion regarding European countries. and therefore should be conventional.Conventions should be simple,not The lack of real intercourse.Examples of barbarian lore.The in- teraction of dynastic decline and Western invasion. extravagant,and so I have stripped the Wade-Giles system of all diacritical marks except the umlaut over i when actually needed for dictionary 2.TRIBUTE AND THE GROWTH OF TRADE finding purposes.For such technical matters the reader is referred to the The role of the barbarians in the Chinese state.Theoretical basis preface of Volume II. of tribute.Tribute as ritual.Functions of the tribute system. Tributary trade.The eclipse of tribute by trade. 3.CH'ING POLICY AND THE CANTON SYSTEM The Manchu position in China.Early Manchu foreign policy. The background of Ch'ing policy at Canton.Evolution of the Canton system.Oficial profit and imperial policy, PART II THE FIRST BRITISH TREATY SETTLEMENT I842-43 4.OPIUM AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE CANTON SYSTEM 57 Decline of the Company.Origins of the private trade.Rise of the opium trade.Opium on the China coast.Chinese official con- nivance.The early coast trade as seen from the inside.The British siri社in the I84os. 5.THE OPIUM WAR 1840-42 The Chinese anti-opium movement.The Britisk contribution to the crisis.Lin Tse-hsii versus William Jardine. 6.MANCHU DIPLOMACY AND THE TREATY OF NAN- KING 1842 Fears of the Manchu court in 1843.The decision to negotiate.The mnperial co机nissioner Ch'i-yi祝g.Opening the对egotiati0i3.The Manchu-Chinese side of the negotiations.Imperfections in the treaty agreement.I. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Masataka Banno, Ida M. Cannon, Chang Te-ch'ang, W. C. Costin, Wilma C. Fairbank, the late Roger S. Greene, Kwang-ching Liu, the late William E. SoothiII, the late B. Humphrey Sumner, Ssu-yli Teng, James R. Ware, Mary Wright, L. S. Yang, and Gerald Yorke; and for practical help of the most tangible sort to Rosamond Chapman, Marjorie Ellms, Wilma Fair￾bank, Norma Ford, Hope Kay, Marian Schlesinger, and especially E-tu Zen Sun, who read over most of my translations and. contributed particu￾larly to Chapter 14. J.K.F. A Note on Romanization. Trying to write English letters so as to represent Chinese sounds is a fruitless effort. Romanization can never be made exact and therefore should· be conventional. Conventions should be simple, not extravagant, and so I have stripped the Wade-Giles system of all diacritical marks except the umlaut over u when actually needed for dictionary finding purposes. For such technical matters the reader is referred to the preface of Volume II. CONTENTS PART I CHINA'S UNPREPARE.DNESS FOR WESTERN CONTACT 1. THE PROBLEM OF CHINA'S RESPONSE TO THE WEST The historical context of the period I8,p-54. The nature of Chinese society and its response to the West. China's conception of the Western barbarians. The confusion regarding European countries. The lack oj real intercourse. Examples of barbarian lore. The in￾teraction 'of dynastic decline and Western invasion. 2. TRIBUTE AND THE GROWTH OF TRADE The role of the barbarians in the Chinese state. Theoretical basis of tribute. Tribute as ritual. Functions of the tribute system. Tributary trade. The eclipse of tribute by trade. 3. CH'ING POLICY AND THE CANTON SYSTEM The Manchu position in China. Early Manchu foreign policy. The background of Ch'ing policy at Canton. Evolution of the Canton system. Official profit and imperial policy. PART II THE FIRST BRITISH TREATY SETTLEMENT 1842-43 4. OPIUM AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE CANTON SYSTEM Decline of the Company. Origins of the private trade. Rise of the opium trade. Opium on the China coast. Chinese official con￾nivance. The early coast trade as seen from the inside. The British spirit in the I840'S. 5. THE OPIUM WAR 1840-42 The Chinese anti-opium movement. The British contribution to the crisis. Lin Tse-hsu versus William Jardine. 6. MANCHU DIPLOMACY AND THE TREATY OF NAN￾KING 1842 Fears of the Manchu court in I8,p. The decision to negotiate. The imperial commissioner Ch'i-ying. Opening the negotiations. The Manchu-Chinese side of the negotiations. Imperfections in the treaty agreement. Page 3 23 39 57 74