同义关系 Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 如何区分同义词? Difference in denotation2 Difference application What are the characteristics of antonyms? 1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2)A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its esponding opposite 上下义关系: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-orde ordinates ab the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes 词义变化的种类 There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowIng, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason)and intra-linguistic factors( shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).词义的扩大 Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept. Compare the following:词义的缩小 Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense:词义的升华 Elevation s a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/ or appreciative sense;词义的降格 Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,;词义的转移 Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw the like, but the product has retained the same name There is associated transfer.同义关系 Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 如何区分同义词？1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application What are the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes 词义变化的种类 There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).词义的扩大 Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小 Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华 Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格 Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移 Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer