184 SOCIAL FORCES psychology of the labor movement he showed how specific objectives and not just generous goodwill social workers as the healers of personal wounds must characterize organizations for increasing nust also interpret one group to another; an racial and religious understanding especially important function in relation to labor activities. Social workers are the general practi- PUBLIC WELFARE ADMINISTRATION tioners and family physicians working with the We have now discussed what this writer believes total person in distress and with the total com- are the most significant developments in the three which all social with, the analogous medical specialist who deals workers agree are distinctly social work skills with a segment of a persons problem and a small Whether administration in the public welfare field part of a community. Social workers, continued and social action are social work skills per se or Professor Perlman, are being required to study, are fields in and of themselves used in many other interpret, and integrate community thinking and occupations and professions is not important for activities atfour focal points: labor, housing, health, this paper. The very fact that social workers be- and veterans, and not the least of these is labor. lieve that administrators of public welfare and A fifth development is organization for increase those attempting to achieve social action in the of racial and religious understanding and for deal- areas of health and welfare should know social ing with the problems of groups having unfamiliar work from the inside out indicates that there are backgrounds and culture. Intermational migra- aspects of public welfare administration and social tion,actual and potential infiltration of refugees, action as performed by the social worker which are labor problems, courageous fighting their distinctive. Public welfare administration to this country by racial minorities are responsible for writer means administration of tax supported serious consideration of the problems of discrim- services and agencies not just for the delinquent ination. President Roosevelt's Committee on and criminal, the sick and well poor, the insane Fair Employment Practices, the objective of which and feeble-minded, the dependent and neglected ization of all available man- child but also in the fields of health and recreation power and to eliminate discriminatory employment The most important developments in public practices is a manifestation of governmental con- welfare administration seem to be: 1)great ex cern with this aspect of human relations. Another pansion of governmental services requiring large gency is the War Refugee Board set up by execu- numbers of administrators; (2)the introduction of tive order of the President in January 1944, and the social insurances;( 3)the development of an designed to consider the refugee problem, parti international relief organization, the UNRRA; (4) larly the needs of dislocated Jews and to find means the continuous attention to methods of improving of meeting the needs of some percentage of this services vast group of people. The War Relocation First. One of the most important developments Authority also created by executive order, pri- in the twentieth century, especially in the thirties marily for the purpose of removal of Japanese from and forties, is the rapid growth of governmental danger zones on the West Coast, has of course services particularly social services and particularly accentuated racial problems but, by the use of by the Federal Government. Not ocial workers, has attempted to reduce the inevit- pression and the new deal was it possible to prevail able antagonisms between groups and areas. pon Congress to enlarge the meaning of the How best to organize the community for inter- constitutional phrase, general welfare"for the racial cooperation is a moot question. The organi- benefit of the poor and needy wherever they might zation of groups of mixed persons for no specific be and thus to reverse the 1854 veto of President purpose other than sharing of cultural interests has Pierce in which he said he could not find any not been fruitful. Rather there seem to be two authority in the Constitution for making the methods that can better be employed:(1)the Federal government the great almoner of public creation of special committees or groups to work charity throughout the United States. on some specific problem as the settlement of the It is no news that the depression brought with Japanese in a given community or the handling of it such new Federal governmental services and negro discrimination on a given campus and (2) agencies as the FERA, WPA, NYA, Surplus com the use of already existing groups by extending modities, the Social Securities Act, and the war their interests and functions. In other words, such agencies as the OCD, Office of Community184 SOCIAL FORCES psychology of the labor movement he showed how social workers as the healers of personal wounds must also interpret one group to another, an especially important function in relation to labor activities. Social workers are the general practi￾tioners and family physicians working with the total person in distress and with the total com￾munity in its intergroup relationships in contrast with the analogous medical specialist who deals with a segment of a person's problem and a small part of a community. Social workers, continued Professor Perlman, are being required to study, interpret, and integrate community thinking and activities at four focal points: labor, housing, health, and veterans, and not the least of these is labor. A fifth development is organization for increase of racial and religious understanding and for deal￾ing with the problems of groups having unfamiliar backgrounds and culture. International migra￾tion, actual and potential infiltration of refugees, labor problems, courageous fighting for their country by racial minorities are responsible for serious consideration of the problems of discrim￾ination. President Roosevelt's Committee on Fair Employment Practices, the objective of which is to provide full utilization of all available man￾power and to eliminate discriminatory employment practices is a manifestation of governmental con￾cern with this aspect of human relations. Another agency is the War Refugee Board set up by execu￾tive order of the President in January 1944, and designed to consider the refugee problem, particu￾larly the needs of dislocated Jews and to find means of meeting the needs of some percentage of this vast group of people. The War Relocation Authority also created by executive order, pri￾marily for the purpose of removal of Japanese from danger zones on the West Coast, has of course accentuated racial problems but, by the use of social workers, has attempted to reduce the inevit￾able antagonisms between groups and areas. How best to organize the community for inter￾racial cooperation is a moot question. The organi￾zation of groups of mixed persons for no specific purpose other than sharing of cultural interests has not been fruitful. Rather there seem to be two methods that can better be employed: (1) the creation of special committees or groups to work on some sp'ecific problem as the settlement of the Japanese in a given community or the handling of negro discrimination on a given campus and (2) the use of already existing groups by extending their interests and functions. In other words, specific objectives and not just generous goodwill must characterize organizations for increasing racial and religious understanding. PUBLIC WELFARE ADMIISTRATION We have now discussed what this writer believes are the most significant developments in the three areas of social work performance which all social workers agree are distinctly social work skills. Whether administration in the public welfare field and social action are social work skills per se or are fields in and of themselves used in many other occupations and professions is not important for this paper. The very fact that social workers be￾lieve that administrators of public welfare and those attempting to achieve social action in the areas of health and welfare should know social work from the inside out indicates that there are aspects of public welfare administration and social action as performed by the social worker which are distinctive. Public welfare administration to this writer means administration of tax supported services and agencies not just for the delinquent and criminal, the sick and well poor, the insane and feeble-minded, the dependent and neglected child, but also in the fields of health and recreation. The most important developments in public welfare administration seem to be: (1) great ex￾pansion of governmental services requiring large numbers of administrators; (2) the introduction of the social insurances; (3) the development of an international relief organization, the UNRRA; (4) the continuous attention to methods of improving services. First. One of the most important developments in the twentieth century, especially in the thirties and forties, is the rapid' growth of governmental services particularly social services and particularly by the Federal Government. Not until the de￾pression and the New Deal was it possible to prevail upon Congress to enlarge the meaning of the constitutional phrase, "general welfare" for the benefit of the poor and needy wherever they might be and thus to reverse the 1854 veto of President Pierce in which he said he could not find any authority in the Constitution for making the Federal Government the great almoner of public charity throughout the United States. It is no news that the depression brought with it such new Federal governmental services and agencies as the FERA, WPA, NYA, Surplus com￾modities, the Social Securities Act, and the war such agencies as the OCD, Office of Community