垄断与竞争 垄断与竞争 Monopoly versus Competition Monopoly versus Competition 垄断 Monopoly 说明竞争企业与垄断者之间差别的一个方法 ◆是唯一的生产者 是考虑每个企业面恿的需求曲线 Is the sole producer ne way to view the difference between a ◆面临一条向右下方倾斜的需求曲线 competitive firm and a monopoly is to Has a downward-sloping demand curv consider the demand curve that each firm ◆是价格制定者 Is a price maker ◆降低价格以增加销售 Reduces price to increase sales 竞争与新企业的那求曲线 竞争与垄断 Demand Curves for Competitive and Competition versus Monopoly 竞争企业 Competitive Firm (a)争企业的求端 (b)新企业的求曲端 ◆是许多生产者之一 Is one of many producers ◆面临一条水平的需求曲线 Has a horizontal demand curve ◆是价格接受者 Is a price taker ◆在同一价格上想卖多少就卖多少 需求 Demand Sells as much or as little at same price uantity of 垄断者的收益 垄断者的总收益、平均收益和边际收益 A Monopoly's Revenue A M nd Marginal Revenue ◆总收益 Total Revenue TR=PX Q 批格 R=PXQ)(AR=TR/Q) ◆平均收益 Average revenue ARE TR/Q=P ◆边际收益 Marginal revenue s200 MR=ATR∠Q 53D03 13 垄断与竞争 Monopoly versus Competition 说明竞争企业与垄断者之间差别的一个方法 ，是考虑每个企业面对的需求曲线。 One Way to view the difference between a competitive firm and a monopoly is to consider the demand curve that each firm faces. 14 垄断与竞争 Monopoly versus Competition 垄断 Monopoly ‹是唯一的生产者 Is the sole producer ‹面临一条向右下方倾斜的需求曲线 Has a downward-sloping demand curve ‹是价格制定者 Is a price maker ‹降低价格以增加销售 Reduces price to increase sales 15 竞争与垄断 Competition versus Monopoly 竞争企业 Competitive Firm ‹是许多生产者之一 Is one of many producers ‹面临一条水平的需求曲线 Has a horizontal demand curve ‹是价格接受者 Is a price taker ‹在同一价格上想卖多少就卖多少 Sells as much or as little at same price 16 产量 Quantity of Output 需求 Demand (a) 竞争企业的需求曲线 A Competitive Firm’s Demand Curve (b) 垄断企业的需求曲线 A Monopolist’s Demand Curve 0 价格 Price 0 产量 Quantity of Output 价格Price 需求Demand 竞争与垄断企业的需求曲线 Demand Curves for Competitive and Monopoly Firms... 垄断者的收益 A Monopoly’s Revenue ‹总收益 Total Revenue TR = P x Q ‹平均收益 Average Revenue AR = TR/Q = P ‹边际收益 Marginal Revenue MR = ∆TR/∆Q 18 垄断者的总收益、平均收益和边际收益 A Monopoly’s Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue 数量 Quantity (Q) 价格 Price (P) 总收益 Total Revenue (TR=PxQ) 平均收益 Average Revenue (AR=TR/Q) 边际收益 Marginal Revenue (MR= ∆TR/∆Q ) 0 $11.00 $0.00 1 $10.00 $10.00 $10.00 $10.00 2 $9.00 $18.00 $9.00 $8.00 3 $8.00 $24.00 $8.00 $6.00 4 $7.00 $28.00 $7.00 $4.00 5 $6.00 $30.00 $6.00 $2.00 6 $5.00 $30.00 $5.00 $0.00 7 $4.00 $28.00 $4.00 -$2.00 8 $3.00 $24.00 $3.00 -$4.00