政府创造的垄断 垄断资源 Government-Created Monopolies Monopoly Resources 专利和版权法是政府如何为公共利益创造 虽然关健资源的独享所有权是产生耋断的着在原 垄断的两个重要例子。 因,但实际上垄断很少产生于这种原 Patent and copyright laws are two Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a important examples of how governmen potential souree of monopoly. in practice creates a monopoly to serve the public monopolies rarely arise for this interest 自然垄断 自然垄断 Natural Monopolies Natural Monopolies 当一个企业能以低于两个或更多企业的成本为整 当相关生产范围存在规模经济时,自然垄断就产生了 个市场供给一种物品时,这个行业是自然垄断。 A natural monopoly arises when there are economies An industry is a natural monopoly when a single of scale over the relevant range of output. firm can supply a good or service to an entire 在何一种既定的产 企业数多,每个企业的产 market at a smaller cost than could two or more For any given amount of output, a larger number of firms leads to less output per firm and higher average total cost. 作为断原因的规模经济 Economies of scale as a cause of 自然垄断 Monopoly. Natural Monopolies ◆正常情况下,垄断利润吸引了进入者进入该市 Normally, the monopolists profit attracts entrants into the market ◆与此相反,进入另一个企业拥有自然垄断的市 场却没有吸引力 ontrast,entering a market in which another firm has a natural monopoly is 平均总 unattractive. total cost2 7 政府创造的垄断 Government-Created Monopolies 专利和版权法是政府如何为公共利益创造 垄断的两个重要例子。 Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest. 8 垄断资源 Monopoly Resources 虽然关键资源的独享所有权是产生垄断的潜在原 因，但实际上垄断很少产生于这种原因。 Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. 9 自然垄断 Natural Monopolies 当一个企业能以低于两个或更多企业的成本为整 个市场供给一种物品时，这个行业是自然垄断。 An industry is a natural monopoly when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms. 10 自然垄断 Natural Monopolies 当相关生产范围存在规模经济时，自然垄断就产生了 A natural monopoly arises when there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output. 在任何一种既定的产量时，企业数量越多，每个企业的产 量越少，平均总成本越高。 For any given amount of output, a larger number of firms leads to less output per firm and higher average total cost. 11 作为垄断原因的规模经济 Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly... 平均总成本 Average total cost 产量Quantity of Output 成本 Cost 0 12 自然垄断 Natural Monopolies ‹正常情况下，垄断利润吸引了进入者进入该市 场。 Normally, the monopolist’s profit attracts entrants into the market. ‹与此相反，进入另一个企业拥有自然垄断的市 场却没有吸引力。 By contrast, entering a market in which another firm has a natural monopoly is unattractive