Energies 2015,8 11015 needed for intervention studies,especially in order to find how the targeted occupants understand the terminology and what their preferences are.Pre-surveys also help researchers evaluate their audiences, select intervention techniques according to the audience's need,and provide tailored information that will reach participants-such tailored information seems to be more effective than non-tailored information for knowledge improvement and behavior change [165].The pre-survey could also provide some general energy-saving information to initially motivate occupants to engage in energy-saving actions. Section 4.2 indicates the importance of representative units.However,the methods for communicating the information to users are also important.In this regards,distributional graphs typically appear to be the most easily comprehended and preferred method of presenting energy-consumption information to occupants [166].That said,future research in this area is needed to conduct various displaying methods to verify the most effective means. The success of feedback depends mainly on its data resolution,and various levels of resolution might have different levels of success in improving energy behavior.In this regards,although high resolution feedback-which typically requires more time and capital investment-has a clear record of success in the literature,it is currently unclear whether a high level of resolution is always needed or whether a lower level can still be effective [68,119].In fact,higher resolution data do not necessarily lead to more energy knowledge.Future research is therefore recommended to study the effects of different levels of resolution on energy behavior. Future research is also needed to evaluate the frequency at which energy-related feedback should be provided to occupants to achieve the best possible behavior adaptation.Furthermore,researchers need to develop policies regarding how to avoid providing intrusive feedback to occupants.Intrusive feedback might lead to decreases in the quality of energy-saving behavior and may therefore increase the energy consumption.Deeper research into these concerns would be warranted. In most corresponding studies [12,113,114,119,145,167,168],the promoted energy-saving behavior during the feedback experimental period were rarely remained over time by occupants in built environment.Therefore,the cost and time investment for conducting such studies have typically achieved short-term and temporary results but failed to lead to long-term or permanent energy-saving behaviors.Future research therefore needs to assess and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of feedback.In particular,an alternative long-term technique could be occupant-interaction techniques in which peers are able to influence their co-workers over a longer period of time to improve energy-saving behaviors.The long-term cost investment for such interactions is typically less than feedback techniques and should be examined. Individual occupants also have their own strategies and intentions-known as personalized behavioral strategies-to change their behaviors to energy-saving behaviors.In [46,132,147],the authors studied the personalized behavioral strategies.For example,Murtagh et al.[46]provided individualized feedback to individual occupants and found that different occupants needed different motivations to adopt energy-efficient behaviors.Future research should investigate such strategies to better understand how personalized strategies affect behavior changing.Adjusting occupants'own strategies to energy-saving strategies could also provide an opportunity for occupants to continue their energy-savings for longer periods of time and therefore could be considered as a way of achieving long-term energy-saving behaviors.Energies 2015, 8 11015 needed for intervention studies, especially in order to find how the targeted occupants understand the terminology and what their preferences are. Pre-surveys also help researchers evaluate their audiences, select intervention techniques according to the audience’s need, and provide tailored information that will reach participants—such tailored information seems to be more effective than non-tailored information for knowledge improvement and behavior change [165]. The pre-survey could also provide some general energy-saving information to initially motivate occupants to engage in energy-saving actions. Section 4.2 indicates the importance of representative units. However, the methods for communicating the information to users are also important. In this regards, distributional graphs typically appear to be the most easily comprehended and preferred method of presenting energy-consumption information to occupants [166]. That said, future research in this area is needed to conduct various displaying methods to verify the most effective means. The success of feedback depends mainly on its data resolution, and various levels of resolution might have different levels of success in improving energy behavior. In this regards, although high resolution feedback—which typically requires more time and capital investment—has a clear record of success in the literature, it is currently unclear whether a high level of resolution is always needed or whether a lower level can still be effective [68,119]. In fact, higher resolution data do not necessarily lead to more energy knowledge. Future research is therefore recommended to study the effects of different levels of resolution on energy behavior. Future research is also needed to evaluate the frequency at which energy-related feedback should be provided to occupants to achieve the best possible behavior adaptation. Furthermore, researchers need to develop policies regarding how to avoid providing intrusive feedback to occupants. Intrusive feedback might lead to decreases in the quality of energy-saving behavior and may therefore increase the energy consumption. Deeper research into these concerns would be warranted. In most corresponding studies [12,113,114,119,145,167,168], the promoted energy-saving behavior during the feedback experimental period were rarely remained over time by occupants in built environment. Therefore, the cost and time investment for conducting such studies have typically achieved short-term and temporary results but failed to lead to long-term or permanent energy-saving behaviors. Future research therefore needs to assess and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of feedback. In particular, an alternative long-term technique could be occupant-interaction techniques in which peers are able to influence their co-workers over a longer period of time to improve energy-saving behaviors. The long-term cost investment for such interactions is typically less than feedback techniques and should be examined. Individual occupants also have their own strategies and intentions—known as personalized behavioral strategies—to change their behaviors to energy-saving behaviors. In [46,132,147], the authors studied the personalized behavioral strategies. For example, Murtagh et al. [46] provided individualized feedback to individual occupants and found that different occupants needed different motivations to adopt energy-efficient behaviors. Future research should investigate such strategies to better understand how personalized strategies affect behavior changing. Adjusting occupants’ own strategies to energy-saving strategies could also provide an opportunity for occupants to continue their energy-savings for longer periods of time and therefore could be considered as a way of achieving long-term energy-saving behaviors