374 WORLD POLITICS along the lines of the nation-state with these transnational activities is one of the most significant features of contemporary international politics.Modernization has resulted in the integration of individual national socicties,which facc problems that can be solved in isolation with decreasing reliability.In other words,modernization has trans formed not only the domestic setting in which foreign policy is formu- lated;by creating higher levels of interdependence among the diverse national societies,it has also transformed the general structures of inter- national society. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLITICS The fundamental distinction that breaks down under modernization is between foreign and domestic policies,at least in ideal terms.This distinction is much more characteristic of the forcign policies of non- modernized societies in both idcal and actual terms than it is of mod- ernized states.In modernized societies,it is difficult to maintain becausc both predominantly political and predominantly nonpolitical inter- actions take place across socicties at high levels,and because trans- national phenomena are so significant that either territorial and political or the jurisdictional boundarics are extremcly difficult to define.The whole constellation of activities associated with moderniza- tion blurs the distinction so that an observer must analyze carefully any interaction in order to ascertain in what ways it pertains to foreign and domestic affairs. Foreign policics can be analytically distinguished from domestic policies.Foreign policies are,at a minimum,manifestly oriented to some actual or potential sphcre external to a political system,i.e,to some sphere outside the jurisdiction or control of the polity.Domestic policies,on the contrary,are oriented to some sphcre within the juris- diction and control of the polity.Foreign policics may be addressed principally to some domestic interest group,but as long as they carry some minimum intention and recognition of an external orientation they are considered foreign policies. Classical distinctions between foreign and domestic policies are more normatively based and break down once societies become fairly mod- ernized.Two sorts of classical distinctions exist.Onc,which underlies the Rankean tradition of the primacy of foreign policy,stresses the special significancc foreign policies carry that other policies do not. This significance is the concern of foreign policy with the existence and security of a society:"The position of a state in the world depends on the degree of independence it has attained.It is obliged,therefore