A Synopsis of Auditory Function 285 How Semicircular Canal Neurons Sense angular Box A Four Causes of Acquired Hearing Loss 285 Accelerations 325 Box B Music 286 Box C Throwing Cold Water on the Vestibular The External ear 287 System 326 The Middle ear 289 Central Pathways for Stabilizing Gaze, Head, and Posture 328 The Inner ear 289 Box C Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cochlear Vestibular Pathways to the Thalamus and Cortex 331 Implants 290 BOx D Mauthner Cells in Fish 332 Box D The sweet sound of distortion 295 Summary 333 Hair Cells and the Mechanoelectrical Transduction of Sound waves 294 Chapter 14 The Chemical Senses 337 Two Kinds of Hair Cells in the Cochlea 300 Overview 337 Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve 301 The Organization of the Olfactory System 337 How Information from the Cochlea Reaches Targets in Olfactory Perception in Humans 339 the brainstem 303 Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Integrating Information from the Two Ears 303 Odorants 341 Monaural Pathways from the Cochlear Nucleus to the The Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Lateral Lemniscus 307 Neurons 342 tegration in the Inferior Colliculus 307 BoX A Olfaction Pheromones, and behavior in The Auditory Thalamus 308 the hawk moth 344 The Auditory Cortex 309 The Transduction of Olfactory Signals 345 Box E Representing Complex Sounds in the Odorant Receptors 346 Brains of Bats and Humans 310 Olfactory Coding 348 Summary 31 Box B Temporal"Coding"of Olfactory Chapter 13 The Vestibular System 315 Information in Insects 350 Overview 315 Central Projections of the Olfactory Bulb 353 The Vestibular Labyrinth 315 The Organization of the Taste System 354 Taste Perception in Humans 356 Vestibular Hair Cells 316 The Otolith Organs: The Utricle and Saccule 317 Idiosyncratic Responses to Tastants 357 Box A A Primer on Vestibular Navigation 318 The Organization of the Peripheral Taste System 359 Box B Adaptation and Tuning of Vestibular Hair Taste Receptors and the Transduction of Taste Cells 320 Signals 360 How Otolith Neurons Sense Linear forces 322 Neural Coding in the Taste System 362 The semicircular Canals 324 Trigeminal Chemoreception 363 Summary 366 Unit/ MOVEMENT AND ITS CENTRAL CONTROL Chapter 15 Lower Motor Neuron Circuits Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships 373 and motor Control 371 The Motor Unit 375 The Regulation of Muscle Force 377 Neural Centers responsible for Movement 371 The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch Reflexes 379Chapter 15 Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control 371 Overview 371 Neural Centers Responsible for Movement 371 Motor Neuron–Muscle Relationships 373 The Motor Unit 375 The Regulation of Muscle Force 377 The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch Reflexes 379 A Synopsis of Auditory Function 285 BOX A Four Causes of Acquired Hearing Loss 285 BOX B Music 286 The External Ear 287 The Middle Ear 289 The Inner Ear 289 BOX C Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implants 290 BOX D The Sweet Sound of Distortion 295 Hair Cells and the Mechanoelectrical Transduction of Sound Waves 294 Two Kinds of Hair Cells in the Cochlea 300 Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve 301 How Information from the Cochlea Reaches Targets in the Brainstem 303 Integrating Information from the Two Ears 303 Monaural Pathways from the Cochlear Nucleus to the Lateral Lemniscus 307 Integration in the Inferior Colliculus 307 The Auditory Thalamus 308 The Auditory Cortex 309 BOX E Representing Complex Sounds in the Brains of Bats and Humans 310 Summary 313 Chapter 13 The Vestibular System 315 Overview 315 The Vestibular Labyrinth 315 Vestibular Hair Cells 316 The Otolith Organs: The Utricle and Saccule 317 BOX A A Primer on Vestibular Navigation 318 BOX B Adaptation and Tuning of Vestibular Hair Cells 320 How Otolith Neurons Sense Linear Forces 322 The Semicircular Canals 324 How Semicircular Canal Neurons Sense Angular Accelerations 325 BOX C Throwing Cold Water on the Vestibular System 326 Central Pathways for Stabilizing Gaze, Head, and Posture 328 Vestibular Pathways to the Thalamus and Cortex 331 BOX D Mauthner Cells in Fish 332 Summary 333 Chapter 14 The Chemical Senses 337 Overview 337 The Organization of the Olfactory System 337 Olfactory Perception in Humans 339 Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Odorants 341 The Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons 342 BOX A Olfaction, Pheromones, and Behavior in the Hawk Moth 344 The Transduction of Olfactory Signals 345 Odorant Receptors 346 Olfactory Coding 348 The Olfactory Bulb 350 BOX B Temporal “Coding” of Olfactory Information in Insects 350 Central Projections of the Olfactory Bulb 353 The Organization of the Taste System 354 Taste Perception in Humans 356 Idiosyncratic Responses to Tastants 357 The Organization of the Peripheral Taste System 359 Taste Receptors and the Transduction of Taste Signals 360 Neural Coding in the Taste System 362 Trigeminal Chemoreception 363 Summary 366 Contents xi Unit III MOVEMENT AND ITS 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