xii Contents The Influence of Sensory activity on Motor Behavior Circuits within the Basal Ganglia System 424 Box A Huntingtons Disease 426 Other Sensory Feedback That Affects Motor Box B Parkinsons Disease: An Opportunity for Performance 382 Novel Therapeutic Approaches 429 Box A Locomotion in the Leech and the Lamprey Box C Basal Ganglia Loops and Non-Motor 384 Brain Functions 432 Flexion Reflex Pathways 387 ummah ry433 Spinal Cord Circuitry and Locomotion 387 Box B The Autonomy of Central Pattern Chapter 18 Modulation of Movement by Generators: Evidence from the lobster the Cerebellum 435 Stomatogastric Ganglion 388 The Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome 389 Box C Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 391 Organization of the Cerebellum 435 Summary 391 Projections to the Cerebellum 438 Projections from the Cerebellum 440 Chapter 16 Upper Motor Neuron Control Circuits within the Cerebellum 441 of the brainstem and spinal BOX A Prion Diseases 444 Cord 393 Cerebellar Circuitry and the Coordination of Ongoing Overview 393 Movement 445 Descending Control of Spinal Cord Circuitry Futher Consequences of Cerebellar Lesions 448 General Information 393 Summary 449 Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Box B Genetic Analysis of Cerebellar Function 450 Neurons that maintain balance and posture 397 Box A The reticular Formation 398 Chapter 19 Eye Movements and Sensory The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways Motor Integration 453 Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Overview 453 Voluntary Movements 402 What Eye Movements Accomplish 453 Box B Descending Projections to Cranial Nerve The Actions and Innervation of Extraocular muscles Motor Nuclei and Their Importance in Diagnosing the Cause of Motor Deficits 404 Box A The Perception of Stabilized Retinal Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements Box C What Do Motor Maps Represent?408 Box B Sensory Motor Integration in the The Premotor Cortex 411 Superior Colliculus 462 Box D Sensory Motor Talents and Cortical Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit Movements 466 410 Neural Control of Vergence Movements 466 Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor neuro Box E Muscle Tone 414 Summary 415 Chapter 20 The Visceral Motor System 469 Overview 469 Chapter 17 Modulation of Movement by Early Studies of the Visceral Motor System 469 the Basal Ganglia 417 Distinctive Features of the Visceral Motor System 470 Overview 417 The Sympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor Projections to the Basal Ganglia 417 System 471 Projections from the Basal Ganglia to Other Brain The Parasympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor Regions 422 System 476 Evidence from Studies of Eye Movements 423 The Enteric Nervous System 479 ents of the visceral Motor System 480xii Contents The Influence of Sensory Activity on Motor Behavior 381 Other Sensory Feedback That Affects Motor Performance 382 BOX A Locomotion in the Leech and the Lamprey 384 Flexion Reflex Pathways 387 Spinal Cord Circuitry and Locomotion 387 BOX B The Autonomy of Central Pattern Generators: Evidence from the Lobster Stomatogastric Ganglion 388 The Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome 389 BOX C Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 391 Summary 391 Chapter 16 Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord 393 Overview 393 Descending Control of Spinal Cord Circuitry: General Information 393 Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Neurons That Maintain Balance and Posture 397 BOX A The Reticular Formation 398 The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways: Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Voluntary Movements 402 BOX B Descending Projections to Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei and Their Importance in Diagnosing the Cause of Motor Deficits 404 Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex 405 BOX C What Do Motor Maps Represent? 408 The Premotor Cortex 411 BOX D Sensory Motor Talents and Cortical Space 410 Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome 412 BOX E Muscle Tone 414 Summary 415 Chapter 17 Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia 417 Overview 417 Projections to the Basal Ganglia 417 Projections from the Basal Ganglia to Other Brain Regions 422 Evidence from Studies of Eye Movements 423 Circuits within the Basal Ganglia System 424 BOX A Huntington’s Disease 426 BOX B Parkinson’s Disease: An Opportunity for Novel Therapeutic Approaches 429 BOX C Basal Ganglia Loops and Non-Motor Brain Functions 432 Summary 433 Chapter 18 Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 435 Overview 435 Organization of the Cerebellum 435 Projections to the Cerebellum 438 Projections from the Cerebellum 440 Circuits within the Cerebellum 441 BOX A Prion Diseases 444 Cerebellar Circuitry and the Coordination of Ongoing Movement 445 Futher Consequences of Cerebellar Lesions 448 Summary 449 BOX B Genetic Analysis of Cerebellar Function 450 Chapter 19 Eye Movements and Sensory Motor Integration 453 Overview 453 What Eye Movements Accomplish 453 The Actions and Innervation of Extraocular Muscles 454 BOX A The Perception of Stabilized Retinal Images 456 Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions 457 Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements 458 BOX B Sensory Motor Integration in the Superior Colliculus 462 Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit Movements 466 Neural Control of Vergence Movements 466 Summary 467 Chapter 20 The Visceral Motor System 469 Overview 469 Early Studies of the Visceral Motor System 469 Distinctive Features of the Visceral Motor System 470 The Sympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor System 471 The Parasympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor System 476 The Enteric Nervous System 479 Sensory Components of the Visceral Motor System 480 Purves3/eFM 5/13/04 12:59 PM Page xii