6.3 Fracture Toughness and Damage Performance 143 6.4 Fatigue Performance 145 6.5 Modelling of Braided Composites 145 6.6 Summary 146 Chapter 7 Knitted Composite Materials 147 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 In-Plane Mechanical Properties 149 7.2.1 Tensile Properties 149 7.2.2 Compressive Properties 154 7.2.3 In-Plane Properties of Non-Crimp Fabrics 156 7.3 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness 158 7.4 Impact Performance 159 7.4.1 Knitted Composites 159 7.4.2 Non-Crimp Composites 161 7.5 Modelling of Knitted Composites 161 7.6 Summary 162 Chapter 8 Stitched Composites 163 8.1 Introduction to Stitched Composites 163 8.2 The Stitching Process 164 8.3 Mechanical Properties of Stitched Composites 169 8.3.1 Introduction 169 8.3.2 Tension,Compression and Flexure Properties of Stitched Composites 170 8.3.3 Interlaminar Shear Properties of Stitched Composites 176 8.3.4 Creep Properties of Stitched Composites 178 8.3.5 Fatigue Properties of Stitched Composites 179 8.4 Interlaminar Properties of Stitched Composites 182 8.4.1 Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Properties 182 8.4.2 Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Properties 189 8.5 Impact Damage Tolerance of Stitched Composites 195 8.5.1 Low Energy Impact Damage Tolerance 195 8.5.2 Ballistic Impact Damage Tolerance 199 8.5.3 Blast Damage Tolerance 200 8.6 Stitched Composite Joints 201 Chapter 9 Z-Pinned Composites 205 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Fabrication of Z-Pinned Composites 206 9.3 Mechanical Properties of Z-Pinned Composites 209 9.4 Delamination Resistance and Damage Tolerance of Z-Pinned Composites 211 9.5 Z-Pinned Joints 216 9.6 Z-Pinned Sandwich Composites 217 References 219 Subject Index 2376.3 Fracture Toughness and Damage Performance 6.4 Fatigue Performance 6.5 Modelling of Braided Composites 6.6 Summary Chapter 7 Knitted Composite Materials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 In-Plane Mechanical Properties 7.2.1 Tensile Properties 7.2.2 Compressive Properties 7.2.3 In-Plane Properties of Non-Crimp Fabrics 7.3 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness 7.4 Impact Performance 7.4.1 Knitted Composites 7.4.2 Non-Crimp Composites 7.5 Modelling of Knitted Composites 7.6 Summary Chapter 8 Stitched Composites 8.1 Introduction to Stitched Composites 8.2 The Stitching Process 8.3 Mechanical Properties of Stitched Composites 8.3.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Tension, Compression and Rexure Properties of Stitched Composites 8.3.3 Interlaminar Shear Properties of Stitched Composites 8.3.4 Creep Properties of Stitched Composites 8.3.5 Fatigue Properties of Stitched Composites 8.4 Interlaminar Properties of Stitched Composites 8.4.1 Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Properties 8.4.2 Mode 11 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Properties 8.5.1 Low Energy Impact Damage Tolerance 8.5.2 Ballistic Impact Damage Tolerance 8.5.3 Blast Damage Tolerance 8.5 Impact Damage Tolerance of Stitched Composites 8.6 Stitched Composite Joints Chapter 9 Z-Pinned Composites 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fabrication of Z-Pinned Composites 9.3 Mechanical Properties of Z-Pinned Composites 9.4 Delamination Resistance and Damage Tolerance of Z-Pinned Composites 9.5 Z-Pinned Joints 9.6 Z-Pinned Sandwich Composites 143 145 145 146 147 147 149 149 154 156 158 159 159 161 161 162 163 163 164 169 169 170 176 178 179 182 182 189 195 195 199 200 20 1 205 205 206 209 21 1 216 217 References 219 Subject Index 237