nd the clear purpose for which it was intended. This was not achieved cost free. The European, Canadian and Japanese partners were barely informed but were just expected to go along. This led to hard feelings and over the course of the decade the perception that human space flight to IsS would be increasingly irrelevant. In 1999 both the French and German governments said they would only pay the iss costs because they had agreed to but they had lost interest in the program. The Canadians withdrew some of their resources and their involvement had to be redefined The Russian involvement with ISS in the critical path eventually was a disaster. While the work on the first module proceeded on schedule(it being paid by the US), the second module was continually delayed. The Russian government kept promising to pay the contractors to do the work but the money never arrived. This was due to the chaos in Russia and the fact that Russia also, space had become ancillary policy rather than primary policy. The delays in the second module and all the subsequent delays in the succeeding modules eventually pushed up the cost of ISs. By 1998 NASA admitted that the Russians involvement actually ended up costing NASA more than if they had not been involved. Of course by 1998, it was too late to go back The first module was launched at the end of 1998 and the second module has still not been launched. The objective of involving the Russians is still intact (in the sense the policy succeeded) and we enter the 21 century with an international space station(except for Chinese involvement). The ISS enters the 21 century as a monument to big project and without a clear sense of when it will go and who is interested. During the mid 90s, NASa tried repeatedly to build commercial interests in ISS with relatively little success. To cap off the century, the Chinese launched an unmanned spaceship and announced that they intended to become the third country able to put a man in orbit. Their announcement made it very plain that they wanted to do this for reasons of national prestige While human space flight NASA was involved in space station, the rest of NASA was ivolved in remaking itself. The decade of the nineties was not kind to the NASa budget. It started the decade at $15 billion and ended up at $13 billion. This substantial reduction forced NASA to rethink how it did business. It decided that it should return to being primarily a r&d agency rather than an operations agency. Thus it encouraged the formation of a private company (US Alliance) to operate the Shuttle and it turned over all of it's space system operations to Lockheed Martin. It announced that the days of the big mega spacecraft was over and it would focus on faster, cheaper better space systems. This was helped by the(embarrassing revelation that Hubble was "nearsighted"(its mirror was ground to the wrong specification), Galileo had a stuck antenna and the loss of Mars Observer. All these were sI billion class spacecraft done under the old style of management. The FBC philosophy led to the declaration that Cassini would be the last of big monster spacecraft. It led to the stunning success by the late nineties of Mars Pathfinder which put the Sojourner buggy on Mars for $145 million and returned widely watched pictures. By the end of the nineties, JPL was launching one new deep space mission every six months in contrast to one every six years. NASA also lived up to its commitment by canceling the Clark spacecraft when it went over its budget. However by the end of the decade when two FBC space systems were lost around Mars(Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander), a backlash started to develop that FBC meant throwing away money. The biggest phenomena, however, in the nineties was the mixed growth of commercial space. In 1989 in response to a Motorola executives wife's desire, Motorola announced they would develop a constellation of global commercial low Earth orbiting satellites. These would provide global cellular service to anyone of means. They would do this through a constellation of 77(henceand the clear purpose for which it was intended. This was not achieved cost free. The European, Canadian and Japanese partners were barely informed but were just expected to go along. This led to hard feelings and over the course of the decade the perception that human space flight to ISS would be increasingly irrelevant. In 1999 both the French and German governments said they would only pay the ISS costs because they had agreed to but they had lost interest in the program. The Canadians withdrew some of their resources and their involvement had to be redefined. The Russian involvement with ISS in the critical path eventually was a disaster. While the work on the first module proceeded on schedule (it being paid by the US), the second module was continually delayed. The Russian government kept promising to pay the contractors to do the work but the money never arrived. This was due to the chaos in Russia and the fact that Russia also, space had become ancillary policy rather than primary policy. The delays in the second module and all the subsequent delays in the succeeding modules eventually pushed up the cost of ISS. By 1998 NASA admitted that the Russians involvement actually ended up costing NASA more than if they had not been involved. Of course by 1998, it was too late to go back. The first module was launched at the end of 1998 and the second module has still not been launched. The objective of involving the Russians is still intact (in the sense the policy succeeded) and we enter the 21st century with an international space station (except for Chinese involvement). The ISS enters the 21st century as a monument to big project and without a clear sense of when it will go and who is interested. During the mid 90’s, NASA tried repeatedly to build commercial interests in ISS with relatively little success. To cap off the century, the Chinese launched an unmanned spaceship and announced that they intended to become the third country able to put a man in orbit. Their announcement made it very plain that they wanted to do this for reasons of national prestige. While human space flight NASA was involved in space station, the rest of NASA was involved in remaking itself. The decade of the nineties was not kind to the NASA budget. It started the decade at $15 billion and ended up at $13 billion. This substantial reduction forced NASA to rethink how it did business. It decided that it should return to being primarily a R&D agency rather than an operations agency. Thus it encouraged the formation of a private company (US Alliance) to operate the Shuttle and it turned over all of it’s space system operations to Lockheed Martin. It announced that the days of the big mega spacecraft was over and it would focus on faster, cheaper better space systems. This was helped by the (embarrassing) revelation that Hubble was “nearsighted” (its mirror was ground to the wrong specification), Galileo had a stuck antenna and the loss of Mars Observer. All these were $1 billion class spacecraft done under the old style of management. The FBC philosophy led to the declaration that Cassini would be the last of big monster spacecraft. It led to the stunning success by the late nineties of Mars Pathfinder which put the Sojourner buggy on Mars for $145 million and returned widely watched pictures. By the end of the nineties, JPL was launching one new deep space mission every six months in contrast to one every six years. NASA also lived up to its commitment by canceling the Clark spacecraft when it went over its budget. However by the end of the decade when two FBC space systems were lost around Mars (Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander) , a backlash started to develop that FBC meant throwing away money. The biggest phenomena, however, in the nineties was the mixed growth of commercial space. In 1989 in response to a Motorola executive’s wife’s desire, Motorola announced they would develop a constellation of global commercial low Earth orbiting satellites. These would provide global cellular service to anyone of means. They would do this through a constellation of 77 (hence