Contents XV 6.5 Solvent Effects on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra 1 6.5.1 Nonspecific Solvent Effects on NMR Chemical Shifts 6.5.2 Specific Solvent Effects on NMR Chemical Shifts 381 6.5.3 Solvent Effects on Spin-Spin Coupling Constants 387 7 Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity........... 389 7.1 Linear Gibbs Energy Relationships 389 7.2 solvent Polarity fr 86 pirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Spectroscopi ts pi ical Parameters of Soh relation and Applic 445 Multiparameter Approaches 452 Appendix 7 Properties,Purification,and Use of Organic Solvents.................. Physical Properties..... A.2 Purification of Organic Solvents..................................... 471 A.3 Spectroscopic Solvents 479 A.4 Solvents as Reaction Media......................................... 488 Solvents for Recrystallization... 488 A.6 Solvents for Extraction and Partitioning (Distribution)................ A.7 Solvents for Adsorption Chromatography. 492 A.8 Solvents for Acid/Base Titrations in Non-Aqueous Media............ 496 A.9 Solvents for Electrochemistry........ 496 A.10 Toxicity of Organic Solvents..................................... 500 References.......................................................... 509 Figure and Table Credits 。。 581 Subject Index 583 Author Index 5996.5 Solvent E¤ects on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 6.5.1 Nonspecific Solvent E¤ects on NMR Chemical Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 6.5.2 Specific Solvent E¤ects on NMR Chemical Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 6.5.3 Solvent E¤ects on Spin-Spin Coupling Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 7 Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity ............................. 389 7.1 Linear Gibbs Energy Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 7.2 Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Equilibrium Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 7.3 Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Kinetic Measurements . 402 7.4 Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Spectroscopic Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 7.5 Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from other Measurements . . . 443 7.6 Interrelation and Application of Solvent Polarity Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 445 7.7 Multiparameter Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Appendix ................................................................... 471 A. Properties, Purification, and Use of Organic Solvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 A.1 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 A.2 Purification of Organic Solvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 A.3 Spectroscopic Solvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 A.4 Solvents as Reaction Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 A.5 Solvents for Recrystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 A.6 Solvents for Extraction and Partitioning (Distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 A.7 Solvents for Adsorption Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 A.8 Solvents for Acid/Base Titrations in Non-Aqueous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 A.9 Solvents for Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 A.10 Toxicity of Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 References.................................................................. 509 Figure and Table Credits .................................................... 581 Subject Index ............................................................... 583 Author Index ............................................................... 599 Contents XV