JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY 13 side of the equation,rather than blindly believing that IT itself can automatically trans- form and improve cities."This is a point already stressed in research by Komninos (2006,quoted in Hollands,2008:305),where the smart-city concept is merged with the intelligent-city concept.The latter as defined as:"territories with high capacity for learning and innovation,which is built-in to the creativity of their population,their institutions of knowledge creation,and their digital infrastructure for communication and knowledge management."According to Komninos(2002,2006:13,2008),therefore,a smart city is an urban area in which the technological,human,social,and cultural capital of a commu- nity offers the means to generate new knowledge of urban problems and an increased capability to face them. In direct contrast to this interpretation,the smart city conceived by Dirks and Keeling (2009),both researchers at IBM(International Business Machines Corporation),is an urban environment permeated with ICTs,where all physical infrastructures are intercon- nected.In this case,the focus is almost exclusively on the singular role of new technologies isnany in developing integrated platforms of city services.This is the same interpretation pro- vided by a group of researchers from Forrester Research: 3 what makes a [city]smart is the combined use of software systems,server infrastructure, network infrastructure,and client devices-which Forrester calls Smart Computing technol- ogies-to better connect seven critical city infrastructure components and services:city administration,education,healthcare,public safety,real estate,transportation,and utilities. (Washburn et al.,2010:2) All this is made possible by the continuous and rapid diffusion of electronic devices capable of retrieving and transmitting data,such as smartphones and sensors,which have supported the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT).This is the web-based 3uojoef eyueyS] service development which is reported by Atzori et al.(2010). The Geography of Knowledge Production The scientific community working in the field of smart cities between 1992 and 2012 is 五 made up of 2,584 researchers,divided among 779 organizations that are located in 434 cities and 69 countries.To assess their productivity and influence,a calculation was apeoluMo made to the quantity of source documents produced by each author and the number of citations they acquired.For publications produced by two or more authors,the unit value of the document and the number of citations it has acquired have been divided by the number of authors involved,so each can be assigned an equal share.In this way, individual researchers have become the basic elements for extending the analysis to the organizations in which they work,as well as the countries and continents where they are located.The process just described is shown in Figure 7. The results show that smart-city research starts in Australia and North America.Sub- sequently,interest in the subject grows and the production of literature on smart cities developed in Europe,Asia,and Africa,between 1997 and 2000,and in South America, but not before 2010.Up to 2002,North America maintained the greatest number of authors and the highest number of publications,but this condition changed between 2002 and 2012,a period during which the number of European authors increased from 17 to 1,327(See Table 2).These authors represent more than half of the global scientific community involved in smart city research(51.4 percent)between 1992 and 2012.Theside of the equation, rather than blindly believing that IT itself can automatically trans￾form and improve cities.” This is a point already stressed in research by Komninos (2006, quoted in Hollands, 2008: 305), where the smart-city concept is merged with the intelligent-city concept. The latter as defined as: “territories with high capacity for learning and innovation, which is built-in to the creativity of their population, their institutions of knowledge creation, and their digital infrastructure for communication and knowledge management.” According to Komninos (2002, 2006: 13, 2008), therefore, a smart city is an urban area in which the technological, human, social, and cultural capital of a commu￾nity offers the means to generate new knowledge of urban problems and an increased capability to face them. In direct contrast to this interpretation, the smart city conceived by Dirks and Keeling (2009), both researchers at IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), is an urban environment permeated with ICTs, where all physical infrastructures are intercon￾nected. In this case, the focus is almost exclusively on the singular role of new technologies in developing integrated platforms of city services. This is the same interpretation pro￾vided by a group of researchers from Forrester Research: what makes a [city] smart is the combined use of software systems, server infrastructure, network infrastructure, and client devices—which Forrester calls Smart Computing technol￾ogies—to better connect seven critical city infrastructure components and services: city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities. (Washburn et al., 2010: 2) All this is made possible by the continuous and rapid diffusion of electronic devices capable of retrieving and transmitting data, such as smartphones and sensors, which have supported the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). This is the web-based service development which is reported by Atzori et al. (2010). The Geography of Knowledge Production The scientific community working in the field of smart cities between 1992 and 2012 is made up of 2,584 researchers, divided among 779 organizations that are located in 434 cities and 69 countries. To assess their productivity and influence, a calculation was made to the quantity of source documents produced by each author and the number of citations they acquired. For publications produced by two or more authors, the unit value of the document and the number of citations it has acquired have been divided by the number of authors involved, so each can be assigned an equal share. In this way, individual researchers have become the basic elements for extending the analysis to the organizations in which they work, as well as the countries and continents where they are located. The process just described is shown in Figure 7. The results show that smart-city research starts in Australia and North America. Sub￾sequently, interest in the subject grows and the production of literature on smart cities developed in Europe, Asia, and Africa, between 1997 and 2000, and in South America, but not before 2010. Up to 2002, North America maintained the greatest number of authors and the highest number of publications, but this condition changed between 2002 and 2012, a period during which the number of European authors increased from 17 to 1,327 (See Table 2). These authors represent more than half of the global scientific community involved in smart city research (51.4 percent) between 1992 and 2012. The JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY 13 Downloaded by [Shanghai Jiaotong University] at 03:36 25 August 2017