价格歧视的例子 垄断的普遍性 Examples of Price Discrimination The Prevalence of Monopoly 垄断问题有多普遍? 电影票 Movie tickets How prevalent are the problems of monopolies? 机票价格 Airline prices ◆一方面,垄断常见 Monopolies are coml 折打券 Discount coupons 多企业对它们收取的价格都有兼种控制,因为不同企业 奖学金 Financial aid Most firms have some control over their prices because of 数量折打 Quantity discounts ◆另一方面,有相当大断势力的企业很少。 poly power are rare. ◆没有多少物品真正是教一无二的 总结 总结 Summary Summary 垄断是在其市场上为唯一卖者的企业。 A monopoly is a firm that is the sole seller in its 正如竞争企业一样,垄断企业也通过生产 它面临对其产品的向右下方倾斜的需求曲线 Like a competitive firm, a monopoly It faces a downward-sloping demand curve for maximizes profit by producing the qu s product. t which marginal cost and marginal revenue 垄断者的边际收益总是低于其物品的价格 are equaL. A monopoly's marginal revenue is always below 与竞争企业不同,垄断企业的价格高于它的 边际收益,所以它的价格高于边际成本 fits Unlike a competitive firm, its price exceeds its marginal revenue, so its price exceeds marginal cost. 总结 总结 Summary Summary 垄断者利润最大化的产量水平低于使消费着 政策制定者可以对垄断行为的无效率作出反 与生产者剩余之和最大化的 应,包括反托拉斯法 管制、或把垄断 A monopolist's profit-maximizing level of 企业改由政府经营 output is below the level that maximizes the Policymakers can respond to the inefficiencies sum of consumer and producer surplus. of monopoly behavior with antitrust laws, regulation of prices, or by turning the 垄断引起的无谓损失类似于税收引起的无谓 monopoly into a government-run enterprise. 损失 A monopoly causes deadweight losses similar 如果市场失灵肯定要小,政府可以决定什么 to the deadweight losses caused by taxes. 都不做 If the market failure is deemed small policymakers may decide to do nothing at all.9 49 价格歧视的例子 Examples of Price Discrimination • 电影票 Movie tickets • 机票价格 Airline prices • 折扣劵 Discount coupons • 奖学金 Financial aid • 数量折扣 Quantity discounts 50 垄断的普遍性 The Prevalence of Monopoly • 垄断问题有多普遍？ How prevalent are the problems of monopolies? ‹ 一方面，垄断常见 Monopolies are common. ‹多数企业对它们收取的价格都有某种控制，因为不同企业 的产品不完全一样。 Most firms have some control over their prices because of differentiated products. ‹ 另一方面，有相当大垄断势力的企业很少。 Firms with substantial monopoly power are rare. ‹没有多少物品真正是独一无二的。 Few goods are truly unique. 51 总结 Summary • 垄断是在其市场上为唯一卖者的企业。 A monopoly is a firm that is the sole seller in its market. • 它面临对其产品的向右下方倾斜的需求曲线。 It faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. • 垄断者的边际收益总是低于其物品的价格。 A monopoly’s marginal revenue is always below the price of its good. 52 总结 Summary • 正如竞争企业一样，垄断企业也通过生产边 际收益等于边际成本的产量来实现利润最大 化。 Like a competitive firm, a monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal. • 与竞争企业不同，垄断企业的价格高于它的 边际收益，所以它的价格高于边际成本。 Unlike a competitive firm, its price exceeds its marginal revenue, so its price exceeds marginal cost. 53 总结 Summary • 垄断者利润最大化的产量水平低于使消费者 与生产者剩余之和最大化的产量。 A monopolist’s profit-maximizing level of output is below the level that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. • 垄断引起的无谓损失类似于税收引起的无谓 损失。 A monopoly causes deadweight losses similar to the deadweight losses caused by taxes. 54 总结 Summary • 政策制定者可以对垄断行为的无效率作出反 应，包括反托拉斯法、价格管制、或把垄断 企业改由政府经营。 Policymakers can respond to the inefficiencies of monopoly behavior with antitrust laws, regulation of prices, or by turning the monopoly into a government-run enterprise. • 如果市场失灵肯定要小，政府可以决定什么 都不做。 If the market failure is deemed small, policymakers may decide to do nothing at all