When the Money Stops TABLE 3.Changes in Remittances and Concern About Personal Economic Situation,Kyrgyzstan Panel Data Change in Concern about Personal Economic Situation t(1) Model(1) Model(2) Model(3) Change in Amount of -0.162* Remittances t-(t-1) (0.045) Change in Frequency of -0.245* Remittances t(t-1) (0.077) Change in Remittances -0.141* Index t-(t-1) (0.055) Primary Education 0.724 0.731 0.728 (0.985) (0.982) (0.988) Secondary Education 0.444 0.454 0.423 (0.953) (0.949) (0.956) University Education -0.028 -0.030 -0.098 (1.035) (1.032) (1.038) Gender 0.033 0.037 0.034 (0.176) (0.177) (0.177) Age -0.001 -0.001 -0.009 (0.007) (0.001) (0.007) Married 0.174 0.277 0.223 (0.262) (0.262) (0.263) Ethnicity -0.155 -0.231 -0.203 (1.203) (1.198) (1.207) Employed 0.292 0.357 0.343 (0.264) (0.266) (0.265) Intention to Migrate -0.762 -0.654 -0.669 (0.415) (0.413) (0.416) Wealth Index 0.052 0.018 0.044 (0.043) (0.043) (0.043) Household Income -0.0004 -0.001 -0.001 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Life Satisfaction -0.053 -0.037 -0.040 (0.059) (0.059) (0.059) Risk Attitude 0.027 0.024 0.020 (0.044) (0.044) (0.044) Constant -3.146 -2.776 -3.060 (2.553) (2.544) (2.561) Fixed Effects Household √ Survey Wave Observations (Individuals 1.297 1,283 1.297 Groups) 877 875 877 R2 Between 0.65 0.64 0.64 Notes:Models 1 through 3 present regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses based on a panel GLS estimation with random effects varying across individuals and household and wave fixed effects.Being illiter- ate is the reference category for education.For robustness check,see Tables C.11-C.13 of the SI.Significant at the**p≤0.01，*p≤0.05，*p≤0.10 level..Source:Life in Kyrgyzstan Panel Survey,.2010-2013. from the national economy.At the individual level,we respondents who experienced a decline in remittances, control for other sources of income or wealth,such as compared to those otherwise affected by the recession. being in paid employment and house ownership,as well Results reported in Model 2 suggest that holding all co- as age and education.At the country level,we con- variates at their means,respondents who experience a trol for macro-economic performance using a growth decline in remittances are,by approximately 8 percent, indicator.Descriptive statistics are provided in Table more likely than respondents otherwise affected by the A.6 of the SI. Great Recession to blame the national government for Because of the natural hierarchies in the data the downturn.Conversely,respondents with access to a (individuals who are nested in countries),we employ more robust portfolio of assets are less likely to blame M//:sdny a HLM regression analysis.Table 4 reports the results. the national government for the crisis.Lastly,the The analysis presented in Model 1 suggests that eval- growth indicator also behaves in the anticipated way. uations of government performance are lower among Evaluations of incumbent performance are higher in 769When the Money Stops TABLE 3. Changes in Remittances and Concern About Personal Economic Situation, Kyrgyzstan Panel Data Change in Concern about Personal Economic Situation t-(t-1) Model (1) Model (2) Model (3) Change in Amount of − 0.162∗∗∗ Remittances t-(t-1) (0.045) Change in Frequency of − 0.245∗∗∗ Remittances t-(t-1) (0.077) Change in Remittances − 0.141∗∗ Index t-(t-1) (0.055) Primary Education 0.724 0.731 0.728 (0.985) (0.982) (0.988) Secondary Education 0.444 0.454 0.423 (0.953) (0.949) (0.956) University Education − 0.028 − 0.030 − 0.098 (1.035) (1.032) (1.038) Gender 0.033 0.037 0.034 (0.176) (0.177) (0.177) Age − 0.001 − 0.001 − 0.009 (0.007) (0.001) (0.007) Married 0.174 0.277 0.223 (0.262) (0.262) (0.263) Ethnicity − 0.155 − 0.231 − 0.203 (1.203) (1.198) (1.207) Employed 0.292 0.357 0.343 (0.264) (0.266) (0.265) Intention to Migrate − 0.762 − 0.654 − 0.669 (0.415) (0.413) (0.416) Wealth Index 0.052 0.018 0.044 (0.043) (0.043) (0.043) Household Income − 0.0004 − 0.001 − 0.001 (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Life Satisfaction − 0.053 − 0.037 − 0.040 (0.059) (0.059) (0.059) Risk Attitude 0.027 0.024 0.020 (0.044) (0.044) (0.044) Constant − 3.146 − 2.776 − 3.060 (2.553) (2.544) (2.561) Fixed Effects Household √ √√ Survey Wave √ √√ Observations (Individuals 1,297 1,283 1,297 Groups) 877 875 877 R2 Between 0.65 0.64 0.64 Notes: Models 1 through 3 present regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses based on a panel GLS estimation with random effects varying across individuals and household and wave fixed effects. Being illiter￾ate is the reference category for education. For robustness check, see Tables C.11-C.13 of the SI. Significant at the ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.01, ∗∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗ p ≤ 0.10 level. Source: Life in Kyrgyzstan Panel Survey, 2010–2013. from the national economy. At the individual level, we control for other sources of income or wealth, such as being in paid employment and house ownership, as well as age and education. At the country level, we con￾trol for macro-economic performance using a growth indicator. Descriptive statistics are provided in Table A.6 of the SI. Because of the natural hierarchies in the data (individuals who are nested in countries), we employ a HLM regression analysis. Table 4 reports the results. The analysis presented in Model 1 suggests that eval￾uations of government performance are lower among respondents who experienced a decline in remittances, compared to those otherwise affected by the recession. Results reported in Model 2 suggest that holding all co￾variates at their means, respondents who experience a decline in remittances are, by approximately 8 percent, more likely than respondents otherwise affected by the Great Recession to blame the national government for the downturn. Conversely, respondents with access to a more robust portfolio of assets are less likely to blame the national government for the crisis. Lastly, the growth indicator also behaves in the anticipated way. Evaluations of incumbent performance are higher in 769 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Shanghai JiaoTong University, on 26 Oct 2018 at 03:53:04, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000485