2.11 Ambient PM,Death Rate versus Income per Capita,2013.....................34 2.12 Total Deaths from Ambient Ozone Pollution by Region,1990 and 2013..........35 2.13 Total Deaths(a)and Deaths per 100,000 People(b)from Household Air Pollution,1990-2013.... 37 2.14 Deaths from Ischemic Heart Disease Attributable to Exposure to Household Air Pollution by Age Category for Males and Females,2013........................ 38 2.15 Deaths per 100,000 People by Age Group,1990 and 2013.......................40 2.16 Total Deaths(a)and Deaths per 100,000 People(b)from Household Air Pollution by Region,1990 and 2013...................................... 41 2.17 Total Deaths(a)and Deaths per 100,000 People(b)from Household Air Pollution by Income Group,1990 and 2013...............................42 2.18 Household PM,Death Rate versus Gross National Income(GNI) perCapita,2013.......................................................... 43 3.1 Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution by Region,2013..........................52 3.2 Forgone Labor Output Due to Air Pollution by Region,2013...................52 3.3 Age Profile of Total Deaths and Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution by Region, 1990and2013....… .53 3.4 Age Profile of Total Forgone Labor Output Due to Air Pollution by Region, 1990and2013.............54 3.5 Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution by Income Group,2013..... 54 3.6 Decomposing Changes in Total Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution,by Income Group:1990-2013...............57 3.7 Changes in Ambient PM,Death Rates and Per Capita Welfare Losses by Income Group,1990-2013.......... 3.8 Changes in Household PM,.Death Rates and Per Capita Welfare Losses by Income Group,.1990-2013....................59 3.9 Breakdown of Changes in Total Forgone Labor Output Due to Air Pollution by Income Group,1990-2013........ ….61 3.10 Age Profile of Welfare Losses from Air Pollution as Estimated Using VSL versus VSLY2013..64 3.11 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters:Low-Income Countries,2013...........68 3.12 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters:Lower-Middle-Income Countries,2013..69 3.13 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters:Upper-Middle-Income Countries,2013..69 3.14 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters:High-Income Non-OECD Countries,2013.........................70 3.15 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters:High-Income OECD Countries,2013....70 3.16 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters:Low-Income Countries,2013..72 3.17 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters:Lower-Middle-Income Countries,,2013.............................72 3.18 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters:Upper-Middle-Income Countries,.2013.........… ..73 3.19 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters:High-Income Non-OECD Countries,,2013............ …73 3.20 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters:High-Income OECD Countries,2013.... .74 B4.3.1 Deaths Attributable to Ambient PM,Pollution in China,by Source of Emissions,.2013............... 84 The Cost of Air Pollution:Strengthening the Economic Case for ActionThe Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action v 2.11 Ambient PM2.5 Death Rate versus Income per Capita, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.12 Total Deaths from Ambient Ozone Pollution by Region, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.13 Total Deaths (a) and Deaths per 100,000 People (b) from Household Air Pollution, 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.14 Deaths from Ischemic Heart Disease Attributable to Exposure to Household Air Pollution by Age Category for Males and Females, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.15 Deaths per 100,000 People by Age Group, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.16 Total Deaths (a) and Deaths per 100,000 People (b) from Household Air Pollution by Region, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.17 Total Deaths (a) and Deaths per 100,000 People (b) from Household Air Pollution by Income Group, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.18 Household PM2.5 Death Rate versus Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.1 Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution by Region, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2 Forgone Labor Output Due to Air Pollution by Region, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.3 Age Profile of Total Deaths and Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution by Region, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4 Age Profile of Total Forgone Labor Output Due to Air Pollution by Region, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.5 Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution by Income Group, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.6 Decomposing Changes in Total Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution, by Income Group: 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.7 Changes in Ambient PM2.5 Death Rates and Per Capita Welfare Losses by Income Group, 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.8 Changes in Household PM2.5 Death Rates and Per Capita Welfare Losses by Income Group, 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.9 Breakdown of Changes in Total Forgone Labor Output Due to Air Pollution by Income Group, 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.10 Age Profile of Welfare Losses from Air Pollution as Estimated Using VSL versus VSLY, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.11 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters: Low-Income Countries, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.12 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters: Lower-Middle-Income Countries, 2013 . . 69 3.13 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters: Upper-Middle-Income Countries, 2013 . . 69 3.14 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters: High-Income Non-OECD Countries, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.15 Uncertainty in Welfare Loss Parameters: High-Income OECD Countries, 2013 . . . . 70 3.16 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters: Low-Income Countries, 2013 . . 72 3.17 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters: Lower-Middle-Income Countries, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.18 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters: Upper-Middle-Income Countries, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.19 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters: High-Income Non-OECD Countries, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.20 Uncertainty in Forgone Labor Output Parameters: High-Income OECD Countries, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 B4.3.1 Deaths Attributable to Ambient PM2.5 Pollution in China, by Source of Emissions, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 1700234_Cost of Pollution.indd 5 8/29/16 1:55 PM