Appendixes A Supplementary Materials on Health Impacts. 88 B Country Data.. 92 Boxes 1.1 Air Pollution:Harming Countries'Economies in Many Ways......... 5 1.2 Using an Air Quality Management Study and Economic Valuation to Help Ulaanbaatar Forge a Strategy to Combat Air Pollution..........................6 1.3 Accounting for the Costs and Benefits of Air Pollution Control in the United States........................................................6 2.1 Dust and Dust Storm Health Effects.........................................13 2.2 Underestimation of Ground Measurements in Locations with High Concentrations.................................................15 2.3 Integrated Exposure-Response(IER)........................................19 4.1 Transport:Valuing the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Transport Project Cost-Benefit Analyses......................................................81 4.2 Morocco:Using Ground-Level and Satellite Data to Estimate the Cost of Air Pollution.........................83 4.3 China:Estimating the Impact of Pollution Sources on Disease Burden...........84 4.4 Mexico:Subnational Estimates Matter.......................................85 Figures ES.1 Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution by Region,2013..........................xii ES.2 Welfare Losses from Ambient PM,and Household Air Pollution in Low- and Middle-Income Countries,1990-2013...................................xiii 1.1 Percentage of Attributable Deaths by Risk Factor:Globally,2013.................1 1.2 Percentage of Attributable Deaths by Risk Factor:Low-,Lower-Middle-Income, and Upper-Middle-Income Countries,2013...................................3 B2.2.1 Calibration Regression Simple(Pink)versus Advanced(Green)Model by Super-.Region.…l5 2.1 Integrated Exposure-Response(IER)Functions for Ischemic Heart Disease(a), Stroke(b),Lung Cancer and COPD(c),and Lower Respiratory Infections(d).....20 2.2 Total Deaths from Air Pollution by Region,2013..............................23 2.3 Percentage of Total Deaths from Air Pollution by Region,2013.... 23 2.4 Percentage of Total Deaths from Air Pollution by Income Group,2013...........24 2.5 Total Deaths from Ambient PM,Pollution by Region,1990 and 2013...........28 2.6 Leading Modifiable Risks by Number of Deaths:Globally,1990 and 2013.........29 2.7 Trends in Ischemic Heart Disease Death Rates from Ambient PM,Pollution, 1990-2013...29 2.8 Deaths per 100,000 People from Ambient PM,Pollution by Region, 1990and2013.............................30 2.9 Total Deaths(a)and Disability-Adjusted Life Years(DALYs)(b)from Ambient PMs Pollution by Age Group,2013....................33 2.10 Percentage of Total Deaths from Ambient PM,Pollution by Income Group, 1990and2013...........................34 iv The Cost of Air Pollution:Strengthening the Economic Case for Actioniv The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action Appendixes A Supplementary Materials on Health Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 B Country Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Boxes 1.1 Air Pollution: Harming Countries’ Economies in Many Ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Using an Air Quality Management Study and Economic Valuation to Help Ulaanbaatar Forge a Strategy to Combat Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Accounting for the Costs and Benefits of Air Pollution Control in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1 Dust and Dust Storm Health Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 Underestimation of Ground Measurements in Locations with High Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3 Integrated Exposure-Response (IER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1 Transport: Valuing the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Transport Project Cost-Benefit Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.2 Morocco: Using Ground-Level and Satellite Data to Estimate the Cost of Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.3 China: Estimating the Impact of Pollution Sources on Disease Burden . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.4 Mexico: Subnational Estimates Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Figures ES.1 Welfare Losses Due to Air Pollution by Region, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii ES.2 Welfare Losses from Ambient PM2.5 and Household Air Pollution in Low￾and Middle-Income Countries, 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 1.1 Percentage of Attributable Deaths by Risk Factor: Globally, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Percentage of Attributable Deaths by Risk Factor: Low-, Lower-Middle-Income, and Upper-Middle-Income Countries, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B2.2.1 Calibration Regression Simple (Pink) versus Advanced (Green) Model by Super-Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1 Integrated Exposure-Response (IER) Functions for Ischemic Heart Disease (a), Stroke (b), Lung Cancer and COPD (c), and Lower Respiratory Infections (d). . . . . 20 2.2 Total Deaths from Air Pollution by Region, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3 Percentage of Total Deaths from Air Pollution by Region, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4 Percentage of Total Deaths from Air Pollution by Income Group, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5 Total Deaths from Ambient PM2.5 Pollution by Region, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.6 Leading Modifiable Risks by Number of Deaths: Globally, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . 29 2.7 Trends in Ischemic Heart Disease Death Rates from Ambient PM2.5 Pollution, 1990–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.8 Deaths per 100,000 People from Ambient PM2.5 Pollution by Region, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.9 Total Deaths (a) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) (b) from Ambient PM2.5 Pollution by Age Group, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.10 Percentage of Total Deaths from Ambient PM2.5 Pollution by Income Group, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1700234_Cost of Pollution.indd 4 9/2/16 9:59 AM