Rolf E.Hummel College of Engineering University of Florida Gainesville,FL 32601 USA Cover illustration:Rubens N Vulcano Cat.1676.Museo Nacional del Prado-Madrid. Reproduced with permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hummel,Rolf E.,1934- Understanding materials science Rolf E.Hummel.-2nd ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-20939-5(alk.paper) 1.Materials science.I.Title. TA401.6.A1H86 2004 620.1'1dc22 2004041693 ISBN0-387-20939.5 Printed on acid-free paper. 2004,1998 Springer-Verlag New York,LLC. All rights reserved.This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part with- out the written permission of the publisher(Springer-Verlag,New York,LLC.,175 Fifth Avenue,New York,NY 10010,USA),except for brief excerpts in connection with re- views or scholarly analysis.Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation,computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names,trade names,trademarks,etc.,in this publica- tion,even if the former are not especially identified,is not to be taken as a sign that such names,as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act,may ac. cordingly be used freely by anyone. Printed in the United States of America. (MP/HAM) 987654321 SPIN10960202 Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science Business Media springeronline.comRolf E. Hummel College of Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32601 USA Cover illustration: Rubens N Vulcano Cat. 1676. © Museo Nacional del Prado-Madrid. Reproduced with permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hummel, Rolf E., 1934– Understanding materials science / Rolf E. Hummel.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-20939-5 (alk. paper) 1. Materials science. I. Title. TA401.6.A1H86 2004 620.1’1—dc22 2004041693 ISBN 0-387-20939-5 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2004, 1998 Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part with￾out the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, New York, LLC., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with re￾views or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publica￾tion, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may ac￾cordingly be used freely by anyone. Printed in the United States of America. (MP/HAM) 987654321 SPIN 10960202 Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science Business Media springeronline.com