Understanding Materials Science Second Edition
Understanding Materials Science Second Edition
Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo
Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo
Rolf E.Hummel University of Florida Understanding Materials Science History·Properties● Applications Second Edition Springer
Rolf E. Hummel University of Florida Understanding Materials Science History • Properties • Applications Second Edition
Rolf E.Hummel College of Engineering University of Florida Gainesville,FL 32601 USA Cover illustration:Rubens N Vulcano Cat.1676.Museo Nacional del Prado-Madrid. Reproduced with permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hummel,Rolf E.,1934- Understanding materials science Rolf E.Hummel.-2nd ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-20939-5(alk.paper) 1.Materials science.I.Title. TA401.6.A1H86 2004 620.1'1dc22 2004041693 ISBN0-387-20939.5 Printed on acid-free paper. 2004,1998 Springer-Verlag New York,LLC. All rights reserved.This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part with- out the written permission of the publisher(Springer-Verlag,New York,LLC.,175 Fifth Avenue,New York,NY 10010,USA),except for brief excerpts in connection with re- views or scholarly analysis.Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation,computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names,trade names,trademarks,etc.,in this publica- tion,even if the former are not especially identified,is not to be taken as a sign that such names,as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act,may ac. cordingly be used freely by anyone. Printed in the United States of America. (MP/HAM) 987654321 SPIN10960202 Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science Business Media springeronline.com
Rolf E. Hummel College of Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32601 USA Cover illustration: Rubens N Vulcano Cat. 1676. © Museo Nacional del Prado-Madrid. Reproduced with permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hummel, Rolf E., 1934– Understanding materials science / Rolf E. Hummel.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-20939-5 (alk. paper) 1. Materials science. I. Title. TA401.6.A1H86 2004 620.1’1—dc22 2004041693 ISBN 0-387-20939-5 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2004, 1998 Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, New York, LLC., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Printed in the United States of America. (MP/HAM) 987654321 SPIN 10960202 Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science Business Media springeronline.com
Understanding the history of materials means understanding the history of mankind and civilization
Understanding the history of materials means understanding the history of mankind and civilization
Preface to Second Edition My concept for this book,namely to show the connection be- tween the technical and the cultural,economic,ecological,and societal aspects of materials science seems to have been realized judging from the enthusiastic reception of readers coming not only from the hard sciences,but also from the humanities and medicine.Indeed,the first printing sold out less than two years after publication,which made reprinting necessary and gave me the opportunity to make some changes and additions.The com- ments of many students who took a course based on this book and by colleagues from all over the world confirmed my hunch that many individuals would be interested not only in the phys- ical and technological aspects of materials but also in how ma- terials and the goods which were made of them shaped the de- velopment of mankind.By relating history and technology in this text many students were disabused of the idea that "most every- thing was invented in the past hundred years"(and in the USA). When contemplating a second edition,I withstood the temp- tation to substantially expand the book by including major new topics and a more detailed treatment of several subjects.If sub- stantial in-depth treatment of a given topic is wanted,reference should be made to one of the many encyclopedic materials sci- ence books that have two or three times more pages.One should realize,however,that the contents of these larger books cannot be covered in a customary three-credit semester course.This ne- cessitates that each teacher select those topics which he/she deems to be most important,that is,with which he/she is most familiar.I have chosen to restrict the presented material and the depth of its treatment to that which is realistically digestible in an introductory course in materials science without overbur- dening the students with too much detail.Clearly,this text is not meant to be encyclopedic,but instead aims to whet the appetite of its readers and to inspire them to further explore the proper-
Preface to Second Edition My concept for this book, namely to show the connection between the technical and the cultural, economic, ecological, and societal aspects of materials science seems to have been realized judging from the enthusiastic reception of readers coming not only from the hard sciences, but also from the humanities and medicine. Indeed, the first printing sold out less than two years after publication, which made reprinting necessary and gave me the opportunity to make some changes and additions. The comments of many students who took a course based on this book and by colleagues from all over the world confirmed my hunch that many individuals would be interested not only in the physical and technological aspects of materials but also in how materials and the goods which were made of them shaped the development of mankind. By relating history and technology in this text many students were disabused of the idea that “most everything was invented in the past hundred years” (and in the USA). When contemplating a second edition, I withstood the temptation to substantially expand the book by including major new topics and a more detailed treatment of several subjects. If substantial in-depth treatment of a given topic is wanted, reference should be made to one of the many encyclopedic materials science books that have two or three times more pages. One should realize, however, that the contents of these larger books cannot be covered in a customary three-credit semester course. This necessitates that each teacher select those topics which he/she deems to be most important, that is, with which he/she is most familiar. I have chosen to restrict the presented material and the depth of its treatment to that which is realistically digestible in an introductory course in materials science without overburdening the students with too much detail. Clearly, this text is not meant to be encyclopedic, but instead aims to whet the appetite of its readers and to inspire them to further explore the proper-
viii Preface to the Second Edition ties and applications of metals,alloys,ceramics,plastics,and electronic materials by means of easily understandable explana- tions and entertaining historical facts.It is also intended to raise the readers'awareness of their obligations to society as practic- ing engineers and scientists. What has been changed compared to the first edition?Natu- rally,there is always room for improvement.Accordingly,a large number of additions,corrections,and clarifications have been made on almost each page.Furthermore,the treatment of "high- tech ceramics"has been substantially expanded(mostly at the suggestions of my colleagues)by including topics such as silicon nitride ceramics,transformation-toughened zirconia,alumina, ultra-hard ceramics,and bioceramics.A separate section on com- posite materials has been added,including fiber-reinforced composites,particular composites,and laminar composites.A section on advanced fabrics seemed to be of interest to the read- ers.Most of all,however,Chapter 18 (Economic and Environ- mental Considerations)has been rewritten and expanded in many places by updating the statistical information on prices of materials,production figures,world reserves,consumption(par- ticularly oil),recycling (particularly plastics,paper,household batteries,electronic scrap,automobiles),the possible use of "bio- diesel"(rape plant oil),waste prevention,lead-free solder,energy savings through recycling,efficient design,and stability of ma- terials.The iron and steel production statistics were updated in Chapter 7,and new figures on gold production and consumption were included in Chapter 17.Finally,considerations on new trends such as "nanomaterials by severe plastic deformation,"a rendition of Moore's law,and more philosophical remarks on the expected ethical behavior of engineers have been incorporated into Chapter 19. A few readers have suggested that I should provide the com- plete solutions for the homework problems.I am against this. The exercises should be challenges(some more,some less).Giv- ing the detailed solution of the problems (rather than just the numerical results)would tempt many students not to work the problems and in turn would deprive them of an important learn- ing experience and the satisfaction of having succeeded through perseverance.I can assure the readers,however,from my own experience that all problems are solvable. Those readers who like interactive communication and ani- mated visualizations by using the computer are directed to the post scriptum of the Preface to the First Edition that follows. My thanks go to many of my students who,through their kind words of praise and their challenging questions,helped me to
ties and applications of metals, alloys, ceramics, plastics, and electronic materials by means of easily understandable explanations and entertaining historical facts. It is also intended to raise the readers’ awareness of their obligations to society as practicing engineers and scientists. What has been changed compared to the first edition? Naturally, there is always room for improvement. Accordingly, a large number of additions, corrections, and clarifications have been made on almost each page. Furthermore, the treatment of “hightech ceramics” has been substantially expanded (mostly at the suggestions of my colleagues) by including topics such as silicon nitride ceramics, transformation-toughened zirconia, alumina, ultra-hard ceramics, and bioceramics. A separate section on composite materials has been added, including fiber-reinforced composites, particular composites, and laminar composites. A section on advanced fabrics seemed to be of interest to the readers. Most of all, however, Chapter 18 (Economic and Environmental Considerations) has been rewritten and expanded in many places by updating the statistical information on prices of materials, production figures, world reserves, consumption (particularly oil), recycling (particularly plastics, paper, household batteries, electronic scrap, automobiles), the possible use of “biodiesel” (rape plant oil), waste prevention, lead-free solder, energy savings through recycling, efficient design, and stability of materials. The iron and steel production statistics were updated in Chapter 7, and new figures on gold production and consumption were included in Chapter 17. Finally, considerations on new trends such as “nanomaterials by severe plastic deformation,” a rendition of Moore’s law, and more philosophical remarks on the expected ethical behavior of engineers have been incorporated into Chapter 19. A few readers have suggested that I should provide the complete solutions for the homework problems. I am against this. The exercises should be challenges (some more, some less). Giving the detailed solution of the problems (rather than just the numerical results) would tempt many students not to work the problems and in turn would deprive them of an important learning experience and the satisfaction of having succeeded through perseverance. I can assure the readers, however, from my own experience that all problems are solvable. Those readers who like interactive communication and animated visualizations by using the computer are directed to the post scriptum of the Preface to the First Edition that follows. My thanks go to many of my students who, through their kind words of praise and their challenging questions, helped me to viii Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Second Edition ix clarify many points.My colleagues,such as Professor Emeritus Gerold (MPI Stuttgart/Germany),Professor Emeritus Petzow (MPI Stuttgart/Germany),Professor Emeritus Hench (Imperial College London),and Professors Ebrahimi,Sigmund,and Me- cholsky (University of Florida)helped with valuable suggestions which are much appreciated. Rolf E.Hummel Gainesville,FL June 2004
Preface to the Second Edition ix clarify many points. My colleagues, such as Professor Emeritus Gerold (MPI Stuttgart/Germany), Professor Emeritus Petzow (MPI Stuttgart/Germany), Professor Emeritus Hench (Imperial College London), and Professors Ebrahimi, Sigmund, and Mecholsky (University of Florida) helped with valuable suggestions which are much appreciated. Rolf E. Hummel Gainesville, FL June 2004
Preface to the First Edition It is a challenging endeavor to trace the properties and the de- velopment of materials in the light of the history of civilization. Materials such as metals,alloys,ceramics,glass,fibers,and so on have been used by mankind for millennia.Actually,materi- als have shaped entire civilizations.They have been considered of such importance that historians and other scholars have named certain ancient periods after the material which was pre- dominantly utilized at that respective time.Examples are the Stone Age,the Bronze Age,and the Iron Age.As time progressed the materials became increasingly sophisticated.Their proper- ties were successively altered by man to suit ever-changing needs. We cannot but regard with utmost respect the accomplishments of men and women who lived millennia ago and who were ca- pable of smelting,shaping,and improving the properties of ma- terials. Typical courses on world history expose students mainly to the description of major wars,the time span important rulers have reigned,and to the formation,expansion and downfall of world empires.Very little is generally said about the people who lived and toiled in ancient times and about the evolution of civiliza- tions.This book traces the utilization,properties,and produc- tion techniques of materials from the Stone Age via the Bronze Age and the Iron Age up to modern times.It explains the phys- ical properties of common materials as well as those of "exotic materials"such as superalloys,high-tech ceramics,optical ma- terials,electronic materials,and plastics.Likewise,natural and artificial fibers and the technique of porcelain-and glass-making are covered.Moreover,this book provides a thorough introduc- tion into the science and engineering of materials,covering all essential features that one would expect to find in a horizontally integrated introductory text for materials science.Specifically, the book presents the mechanical,electrical,magnetic,optical
It is a challenging endeavor to trace the properties and the development of materials in the light of the history of civilization. Materials such as metals, alloys, ceramics, glass, fibers, and so on have been used by mankind for millennia. Actually, materials have shaped entire civilizations. They have been considered of such importance that historians and other scholars have named certain ancient periods after the material which was predominantly utilized at that respective time. Examples are the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. As time progressed the materials became increasingly sophisticated. Their properties were successively altered by man to suit ever-changing needs. We cannot but regard with utmost respect the accomplishments of men and women who lived millennia ago and who were capable of smelting, shaping, and improving the properties of materials. Typical courses on world history expose students mainly to the description of major wars, the time span important rulers have reigned, and to the formation, expansion and downfall of world empires. Very little is generally said about the people who lived and toiled in ancient times and about the evolution of civilizations. This book traces the utilization, properties, and production techniques of materials from the Stone Age via the Bronze Age and the Iron Age up to modern times. It explains the physical properties of common materials as well as those of “exotic materials” such as superalloys, high-tech ceramics, optical materials, electronic materials, and plastics. Likewise, natural and artificial fibers and the technique of porcelain- and glass-making are covered. Moreover, this book provides a thorough introduction into the science and engineering of materials, covering all essential features that one would expect to find in a horizontally integrated introductory text for materials science. Specifically, the book presents the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, Preface to the First Edition
xii Preface to the First Edition and thermal properties of all materials including textiles,fibers, paper,cement,and wood in a balanced and easily understand- able way.This book is not an encyclopedia of materials science. Indeed,it is limited in its depth so that the content can be con- veniently taught in a one-semester (15-week),three-credit-hour course.Nevertheless,the topics are considered to be essential for introducing engineers and other interested readers to the fasci- nating field of materials science. Plenty of applied problems are given at the end of the techni- cal chapters.The solutions for them are listed in the Appendix. The presentation follows an unusual sequence,starting with a description of the properties of the first materials utilized by man, such as stone,fiber,and copper.Subsequently,the differences between these materials are explained by considering their atom- istic structure,the binding forces between the atoms,and their crystallography.A description of the Bronze Age is followed by the treatment of alloys and various strengthening mechanisms which are achieved when multiple constituents are blended to compounds.The properties of iron and steel are explained only after an extensive history of iron and steel making has been pre- sented.In Part II,the electronic properties of materials are cov- ered from a historical,as well as from a scientific,point of view. Eventually,in Part III the historic development and the proper- ties of ceramics,glass,fibers and plastics as we understand them today are presented.The book concludes with a chapter on eco- nomics,world resources,recycling practices,and ecology of ma- terials utilization.Finally,an outlook speculating on what mate- rials might be utilized 50 years from now is given.Color reproductions of relevant art work and artifacts are included in an insert to show the reader how materials science is interwo- ven with the development of civilization. This book is mainly written for engineering,physics,and ma- terials science students who seek an easily understandable and enjoyable introduction to the properties of materials and the laws of physics and chemistry which govern them.These students(and their professors)will find the mixture of history,societal issues, and science quite appealing for a better understanding of the con- text in which materials were developed.I hope,however,that this book also finds its way into the hands of the general read- ership which is interested in the history of mankind and civi- lization as it relates to the use and development of materials.I trust that these readers will not stop at the end of the historical chapters,but instead will continue in their reading.They will dis- cover that the technical sections are equally fascinating since they provide an understanding of the present-day appliances and tech-
and thermal properties of all materials including textiles, fibers, paper, cement, and wood in a balanced and easily understandable way. This book is not an encyclopedia of materials science. Indeed, it is limited in its depth so that the content can be conveniently taught in a one-semester (15-week), three-credit-hour course. Nevertheless, the topics are considered to be essential for introducing engineers and other interested readers to the fascinating field of materials science. Plenty of applied problems are given at the end of the technical chapters. The solutions for them are listed in the Appendix. The presentation follows an unusual sequence, starting with a description of the properties of the first materials utilized by man, such as stone, fiber, and copper. Subsequently, the differences between these materials are explained by considering their atomistic structure, the binding forces between the atoms, and their crystallography. A description of the Bronze Age is followed by the treatment of alloys and various strengthening mechanisms which are achieved when multiple constituents are blended to compounds. The properties of iron and steel are explained only after an extensive history of iron and steel making has been presented. In Part II, the electronic properties of materials are covered from a historical, as well as from a scientific, point of view. Eventually, in Part III the historic development and the properties of ceramics, glass, fibers and plastics as we understand them today are presented. The book concludes with a chapter on economics, world resources, recycling practices, and ecology of materials utilization. Finally, an outlook speculating on what materials might be utilized 50 years from now is given. Color reproductions of relevant art work and artifacts are included in an insert to show the reader how materials science is interwoven with the development of civilization. This book is mainly written for engineering, physics, and materials science students who seek an easily understandable and enjoyable introduction to the properties of materials and the laws of physics and chemistry which govern them. These students (and their professors) will find the mixture of history, societal issues, and science quite appealing for a better understanding of the context in which materials were developed. I hope, however, that this book also finds its way into the hands of the general readership which is interested in the history of mankind and civilization as it relates to the use and development of materials. I trust that these readers will not stop at the end of the historical chapters, but instead will continue in their reading. They will discover that the technical sections are equally fascinating since they provide an understanding of the present-day appliances and techxii Preface to the First Edition
