改革前的农奴状况 Background By 1861, estimates are that about 52 million people in Russia were serfs out of a live and work off their obligations. These allotments also were supposed to o population of 74 million. Lords allotted their serfs a piece of land on which provide for the serfs' subsistence Serfs either paid their obligation in labor on their lord's land(barshchina), or they paid in money or dues(obrok). By 1861 71 of serfs owed barshchina, and the rest owed a combination of obrok and barshchina Serfs fell into three categories: gentry, state, and appanage serfs. Gentry serfs(AA 农奴) were those belonging to the nobilit. State serfdom(国家农奴) developed under Peter the Great in the 18th century. These peasants were a diverse group of people who fell into the category of state peasant by default 不履行契约), either because their owners broke the law and they were confiscated, or because they owed military service to the state. Appanage peasants(采邑农奴) belonged to the imperial family. They suffered the worst conditions. The allotment (pt) of land for appanage serfs was unequal, and many of them had allotments that were insufficient for existence.改革前的农奴状况 Background By 1861, estimates are that about 52 million people in Russia were serfs out of a population of 74 million. Lords allotted their serfs a piece of land on which to live and work off their obligations. These allotments also were supposed to provide for the serfs' subsistence. Serfs either paid their obligation in labor on their lord's land (barshchina), or they paid in money or dues (obrok). By 1861, 71 % of serfs owed barshchina, and the rest owed a combination of obrok and barshchina. Serfs fell into three categories: gentry, state, and appanage serfs. Gentry serfs(私有 农奴） were those belonging to the nobility. State serfdom （国家农奴） developed under Peter the Great in the 18th century. These peasants were a diverse group of people who fell into the category of state peasant by default（ 不履行契约）, either because their owners broke the law and they were confiscated, or because they owed military service to the state. Appanage peasants（采邑农奴）belonged to the imperial family. They suffered the worst conditions. The allotment（分配） of land for appanage serfs was unequal, and many of them had allotments that were insufficient for existence