Water Systems for Pharmaceutical Facilities 591 Take the reader step-by-step through various treatments to generate different types of water. 2. Outline applicable cGMP's(current Good Manufactu ing Practices 3. Point out some potential pitfalls to watch for In addition, for a better all around understanding, an overview ofhow these systems are designed and some of the more important design parameters will be discussed 3.0 SOURCE OF WATER Water supply to the plant is either ground water(wells), surface water(lakes, rivers), or city water. Raw water is typically contaminated with salts, oils, various organic substances, calcium, clay, silica, magnesium, manganese,aluminum, sulfate, fertilizers, ammonia, insecticides, carbon dioxide and of course, bacteria and pyrogens. a city water treatment plant removes most of these impurities, but adds chlorine or chloramines and fluoride. Table I summarizes the level of contaminants by type of raw water Table 1. Contaminants by Type of Source Water Tap Water Surface Water Ground Water Particulates 3-7 Dissolved Solids 1-5 5-10 Dissolved Gases 3-5 7-10 5-8 Organics 3-8 0-5 Colloids 0-5 3-8 0-4 Bacteria Pyrope 7-9 6-9 0=None 10= Very HighWater Systems for Pharmaceutical Facilities 591 1. Take the reader step-by-step through various treatments 2. Outline applicable cGMP’s (current Good Manufactur- 3. Point out some potential pitfalls to watch for during In addition, for a better all around understanding, an overview ofhow these systems are designed and some ofthe more important design parameters will be discussed. to generate different types of water. ing Practices) installation and start-up. 3.0 SOURCE OF WATER Water supply to the plant is either ground water (wells), surface water (lakes, rivers), or city water. Raw water is typically contaminated with salts, oils, various organic substances, calcium, clay, silica, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, sulfate, fertilizers, ammonia, insecticides, carbon dioxide and, of course, bacteria and pyrogens. A city water treatment plant removes most of these impurities, but adds chlorine or chloramines and fluoride. Table 1 summarizes the level of contaminants by type of raw water. Table 1. Contaminants by Type of Source Water Tap Water Surface Water Ground Water Particulates 3-5 3-7 4-9 Dissolved Solids 2-5 1-5 5-10 Dissolved Gases 3-5 7-10 5-8 Organics 1-4 3-8 0-5 Colloids 0-5 3-8 0-4 Bacteria 1-2 6-9 2-5 P yrogens 7-9 6-9 2-5 0 =None 10 = Very High