SOCIAL FORCES berated, and although relatively few people have period when it considers realities other than itself. much insight into their purposes and processes, Dr Ellen Potter made a similar observation when there is general acceptance of their indispensability whe wrote in a little article, "The President Speaks and the war is greatly increasing both acceptance her mind. in the July Conference Bulletin, "There and understanding was a shift in emphasis in the section programs [of the 1944 National Conference of Social Workl which was of historic significance. Case work did Having set out a brief general introductory state- not hold the spotlight to the same degree as in ment of developments and challenges in social recent years. Its techniques and psychiatric re- work, let us now proceed to observe activities and ements gave place to adaptation of skill to new trends in the areas of case work, group work, com. needs, in new settings, and shortcuts to goals which munity organization, public welfare administration must be quickly reached. " The present most significant developments Until very recently such organizations as The case work appear to be three: (1)counseling::(2) American Association of Social Workers and the extension into new fields;(3) leadership in the American Association of Schools of Social Work reconception of function built their membership and curricula requirements on the theory that the primary skills of social work marriage counseling, counseling in clinics are not are those of case work. In fact a case worker, new processes. The first has not usually been Mary Richmond, is responsible for the first com- done by professional case workers, the latter two prehensive formulation of social work and case often have. For the purposes of this paper coun workers have built additional principles. Many one individual seeking help from the other who is of these principles and techniques are equally ap. prepared to give the help without superimposition plicable to the other areas of social work. For of opinion or act. Suddenly counseling has be. example,all social workers must learn how to come a popular function, often performed by gather data, analyze, evaluate, and use it. All persons or agencies wishing to be helpful but not social workers must understand that behavior is quite knowing how. PTA's, AAUW's, Rotary symptomatic and purposive and may express deep Clubs, Junior Chambers of Commerce develop a sciously motivated; that it has a history. All social refugees, or migratory workers or whomever. It workers must appreciate the significance of the is as though there were magic in the word and hence in the activity. cultural environment to the development of per- The rapid growth of counseling in both new and sonality. All must recognize that the family as a old settings as in unions and in industry, in the unit of interacting personalities, is the primary administration of the social insurances, in employ- institution in the formation of personality and character. All must develop their professional ment and rehabilitation agencies, in USO's, in selves. All must believ settlements, Ys, Scout organizations, and in ciple of the right of self- determination and apply correctional institutions, inevitably means much it. Such principles as these permeate social work nadequate and some competent service. Many of activity and are part of the daily performance of the people in these organizations are counseling in all social workers. Case work has been the meal the sense of prescribing and dictating, not in the by which many of these ideas have seeped throu ense of helping the client work all professional social work practice. destiny. The principles of case work should be the principles of counseling or in other wo is case work most frequently on a short contact limelight today as ten, fifteen, or twenty years ago. basis. It seems clear that counseling will come to This is undoubtedly due to many factors, in part be considered an aspect of case work if case workers ecause the other areas of performance are more function unobtrusively and without smug superi- aware of the contributions they have to make and ority of language, performance, and principle re making them, and in part because the youthful Second. Case work has always been phase of case work when it talked and thought numerous settings. The recent rapid extension of constantly of itself is superseded by a more adult case work to new fields has come about largely180 SOCIAL FORCES berated, and although relatively few people have much insight into their purposes and processes, there is general acceptance of their indispensability and the war is greatly increasing both acceptance and understanding. CASE WORK Having set out a brief general introductory state￾ment of developments and challenges in social work, let us now proceed to observe activities and trends in the areas of case work, group work, com￾munity organization, public welfare administration and social action. Until very recently such organizations as The American Association of Social Workers and the American Association of Schools of Social Work built their membership and curricula requirements on the theory that the primary skills of social work are those of case work. In fact a case worker, Mary Richmond, is responsible for the first com￾prehensive formulation of social work and case work principles. Upon her formulation successive workers have built additional principles. Many of these principles and techniques are equally ap￾plicable to the other areas of social work. For example, all social workers must learn how to gather data, analyze, evaluate, and use it. All social workers must understand that behavior is symptomatic and purposive and may express deep conflict; that it may be consciously or uncon￾sciouslymotivated;that it hasa history. All social workers must appreciate the significance of the cultural environment to the development of per￾sonality. All must recognize that the family as a unit of interacting personalities\ is the primary institution in the formation of personality and character. All must develop their professional 'selves. All must believe in the democratic prin￾ciple of the right of self-determination and apply it. Such principles as these permeate social work activity and are part of the daily perforrmance of all social workers. Case work has been the means by which many of these ideas have seeped through all professional social-work practice. Case work, however, is not occupying the same limelight today as ten, fifteen, or twenty years ago. This is undoubtedly due to many factors, in part because the other areas of performance are more aware of the contributions they have to make and are making them, and in part because the youthful phase of case work when it talked and thought constantly of itself is superseded by a more adult period when it considers realities other than itself. Dr. Ellen Potter made a similar observation when whe wrote in a little article, "The President Speaks her mind." in the July Conference Bulletin, "There was a shift in emphasis in the section programs [of the 1944 National Conference of Social Work] which was of historic significance. Case work did not hold the spotlight to the samne degree as in recent years. Its techniques and psychiatric re￾finements gave place to adaptation of skill to new, needs, in new settings, and shortcuts to goals which must be quickly reached." The present most significant developments in case work appear to be three: (1) counseling; (2) extension into new fields; (3) leadership in the reconception of function. First. Vocational and industrial counseling, marriage counseling, counseling in clinics are not newy processes. The first has not usually been done by professional case workers, the latter two often have. For the purposes of this paper coun￾seling means a person to person relationship with one individual seeking help from the other who is prepared to give the help without superimposition of opinion or act. Suddenly counseling has be￾come a popular function, often performed by persons or agencies wishing to be helpful but not quite knowing how. PTA's, AAUW's, Rotary Clubs, Junior Chambers of Commerce develop a counseling program for soldiers or soldiers' wives, refugees, or migratory workers or whomever. It is as though there were magic in the word and hence in the activity. The rapid growth of counseling in both new and old settings as in unions and in industry, in the administration of the social insurances, in employ￾ment and rehabilitation agencies, in USO's, in settlements, Y's, Scout organizations, and in correctional institutions, inevitably means much inadequate and some competent service. Many of the people in these organizations are counseling in the sense of prescribing and dictating, not in the sense of helping the client work out his own destiny. The principles of case work should be the principles of counseling or in other words, counsel￾ing is case work most frequently on a short contact basis. It seems clear that counseling will come to be considered an aspect of case work if case workers function unobtrusively and without smug superi￾ority of language, performance, and principle. Second. Case work has always been used in numerous settings. The recent rapid extension of case work to new fields has come about largely