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Review TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.3 March 2005 109 Acknowledgements 28 Casey,B.J.et al.(1997)A developmental functional MRI study of This work was supported in part by P0l MH62196,R01 MH63255 and prefrontal activation during performance of a Go/No-go task.Cogn. R21 DA15882 to B.J.C. Neurosci.9,835-847 29 Diamond,A.(1996)Evidence for the importance of dopamine for References prefrontal cortex functions early in life.Philos.Trans.R.Soc.London B Biol..Sci.351,1483-1493 1 Casey,B.J.et al.(1995)Activation of prefrontal cortex in children during a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI. 30 Casey,B.J.et al.(2002)Dissociating striatal and hippocampal function developmentally with a stimulus-response compatibility Neuroimage 2,221-229 task.J.Neurosci.22,8647-8652 2 Casey,B.J.et al.(2000)Structural and functional brain development 31 Goldman-Rakic,P.S.(1987)Development of cortical circuitry and and its relation to cognitive development.Biol.Psychol.54,241-257 3 Spear,L.P.(2000)The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral cognitive function.Child Dev.58.601-622 32 Munakata,Y.and Yerys,B.E.(2001)All together now:when manifestations.Neurosci.Biobehav.Rev.24,417-463 4 Sowell,E.R.et al.(2001)Improved memory functioning and frontal dissociations between knowledge and action disappear.Psychol.Sci. 12,335-337 lobe maturation between childhood and adolescence:a structural MRI study.J.Int.Neuropsychol.Soc.7,312-322 33 Casey,B.J.et al.(2000)Structural and functional brain development 5 Durston,S.et al.(2001)Anatomical MRI of the developing human and its relation to cognitive development.Biol.Psychol.54,241-257 brain:What have we learned?J.Am.Acad.Child Adolese.Psychiatry 34 Tamm,L.et al.(2002)Maturation of brain function associated with 40,1012-1020 response inhibition.J.Am.Acad.Child Adolesc.Psychiatry 41, 6 Gogtay,N.et al.(2004)Dynamic mapping of human cortical 1231-1238 development during childhood through early adulthood.Proc.Natl. 35 Adelman,N.E.et al.(2002)A Developmental fMRI study of the Stroop Acad.Sci.U.S.A.101,8174-8179 color-word task.Neuroimage 16,61-75 7 Sowell,E.R.et al.(2004)Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness 36 Brown,T.T.et al.Developmental changes in human cerebral and brain growth in normal children.J.Neurosci.24.8223-8231 functional organization for word generation.Cereb.Cortex (in 8 Giedd,J.N.(2004)Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the press) adolescent brain.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.1021,77-85 37 Durston,S.et al.(2004)Longitudinal functional MRI of the 9 Sowell,E.R.et al.(2003)Mapping cortical change across the human development of cognitive control.Soc.Neurosci.Abstr:319.18 life span.Nat.Neurosci.6,309-315 38 Thomas.K.M.et al.(2004)Evidence of developmental differences in 10 Reiss,A.L.et al.(1996)Brain development,gender and IQ in children. implicit sequence learning:an fMRI study of children and adults. A volumetric imaging study.Brain 119.1763-1774 J.Cogn.Neurosci.16,1339-1351 11 Huttenlocher,P.R.(1979)Synaptic density in human frontal cortex: 39 Bunge,S.A.et al.(2002)Immature frontal lobe contributions to Developmental changes and effects of aging.Brain Res.163,195-205 cognitive control in children:evidence from fMRI.Neuron 33,301-311 12 Bourgeois,J.P.et al.(1994)Synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of 40 Schlaggar,B.L.et al.(2002)Functional neuroanatomical differences rhesus monkeys.Cereb.Cortex 4,78-96 between adults and school-age children in the processing of single 13 Jernigan,T.L.et al.(1991)Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities words.Science 296,1476-1479 in lenticular nuclei and cerebral cortex in schizophrenia.Arch.Gen. 41 Booth,J.R.et al.(2003)Neural development of selective attention and Psychiatry 48,881-890 response inhibition.Neuroimage 20,737-751 14 Pfefferbaum,A.et al.(1994)A quantitative magnetic resonance 42 Durston,S.et al.(2002)A neural basis for the development of imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late inhibitory control.Dev.Sei.5,F9-F16 adulthood.Arch.Neurol.51,874-887 43 Klingberg,T.et al.(2002)Increased brain activity in frontal and 15 Caviness,V.S.et al.(1996)The human brain age 7-11 years:a parietal cortex underlies the development of visuospatial working volumetric analysis based on magnetic resonance images.Cereb. memory capacity during childhood.J.Cogn.Neurosci.14,1-10 Cortex6,726-736 44 Cohen.J.D.et al.(1994)Activation ofprefrontal cortex in a non spatial 16 Giedd,J.N.et al.(1996)Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of working memory task with functional MRI.Hum.Brain Mapp.1, human brain development:ages 4-18.Cereb.Cortex 6,551-560 293-304 17 Giedd,J.N.et al.(1999)Brain development during childhood and 45 Konishi,S.et al.(1999)Common inhibitory mechanism in human adolescence:a longitudinal MRI study.Nat.Neurosci.10,861-863 inferior prefrontal cortex revealed by event-related functional MRI 18 Sowell,E.R.et al.(2003)Mapping cortical change across the human Brain122,981-991 life span.Nat.Neurosci.6,309-315 46 Konishi,S.et al.(1998)No-go dominant brain activity in human 19 Sowell,E.R.et al.(1999)In vivo evidence for post-adolescent inferior prefrontal cortex revealed by functional magnetic resonance brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions.Nat.Neurosci.2, imaging.Eur.J.Neurosci.10,1209-1213 859-861 20 Paus.T.et al.(1999)Structural maturation of neural pathways in 47 Karni,A.et al.(1998)The acquisition of skilled motor performance: children and adolescents:in vivo study.Science 283,1908-1911 fast and slow experience-driven changes in primary motor cortex Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.95.861-868 21 Casey,B.J.et al.(1997)Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 48 Karni,A.et al.(1995)Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning.Nature 377.155-158 J.Am.Acad.Child Adolese.Psychiatry 36,374-383 22 Casey,B.J.et al.(1997)The role of the anterior cingulate in automatic 49 Green,C.S.and Bavelier,D.(2003)Action video game modifies visual and controlled processes:A developmental neuroanatomical study. selective attention.Nature 423,534-537 Dev.Psychobiol.30.61-69 50 Olesen,P.J.et al.(2004)Increased prefrontal and parietal activity 23 Klingberg,T.et al.(1999)Myelination and organization of the frontal after training of working memory.Nat.Neurosci.7,75-79 white matter in children:a diffusion tensor MRI study.Neuroreport 51 McCandliss,B.D.and Noble,K.G.(2003)The development of reading 10,2817-2821 impairment:a cognitive neuroscience model.Ment.Retard.Dev. 24 Nagy,Z.et al.(2004)Maturation of white matter is associated with the Disabil.Res.Rev.9,196-204 development of cognitive functions during childhood.J.Cogn 52 Temple,E.(2002)Brain mechanisms in normal and dyslexic readers. Neurosci..16,1227-1233 Curr.Opin.Neurobiol.12,178-183 25 Liston,C.et al.(2003)Developmental differences in diffusion 53 Klingberg,T.et al.(2002)Training of working memory in children measures of cortical fiber tracts.J.Cogn.Neurosci.15,S57-S58 with ADHD.J.Clin.Exp.Neuropsychol.24,781-791 26 Olesen,P.J.et al.(2003)Combined analysis of DTI and fMRI data 54 Casey,B.J.and de Haan,M.(2002)Introduction:new methods in reveals a joint maturation of white and grey matter in a fronto- developmental science.Dev.Sci.5,265-267 parietal network.Brain Res.Cogn.Brain Res.18,48-57 55 Logothetis,N.K.et al.(2001)Neurophysiological investigation of the 27 Casey,B.J.et al.(2002)Clinical,imaging,lesion,and genetic basis of the fMRI signal.Nature 412,150-157 approaches toward a model of cognitive control.Dev.Psychobiol.40. 56 Bandettini,P.A.and Ungerleider,L.G.(2001)From neuron to BOLD: 237-254 new connections.Nat.Neurosci.4,864-866 www.sciencedirect.comAcknowledgements This work was supported in part by P01 MH62196, R01 MH63255 and R21 DA15882 to B.J.C. 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