wastewater flowrates from domestic sources results directly from the reduction in interior water use ates for various devices and appliances are reported Table 3-4 Tab 3-4 Typical rates of water use for various devices and appliances in the U.S. Device or appliance Automatic home-type washing machine Top loading Lload 30-216 automatic home-type dish washer Lload L/use Kitchen food-waste grinder Devices and appliances that can be used to reduce interior domestic water use and wastewater flows described in Table 3-5 Tab 3-5 Flow-reduction devices and appliances in the U.s Faucet aerators Increases the rinsing power of water by adding air and concentrating flow, thus educing the amount of wash water used Restricts and concentrates water passage by means of orifices that limit and e by the bather Low-flush toilets Reduces the amount of water per flush Pressure-reducing valves maintains home water pressure at a lower level than that of the water distribution system. Decreases the probability of leaks and dripping faucets Toilet leak detectors blets that dissolve in the toilet tank and release dye to indicate leakage of the flush valve Vacuum toilets A vacuum along with a small amount of water is used to remove solids from Water Use in Developing Countries The typical flowrates and use patterns presented in Tables 3-1 through 3-4 are based on water use and wastewater flowrate data from communities and facilities in the United States. Many developed countries have flowrates in similar range. Water use and, consequently, wastewater-generation rates in developing countries. however are significantly lower. In some cases. th e water su upply is onlv available for limited periods of the day. Sources and rates of Industrial(Nondomestic) Wastewater Flows Nondomestic wastewater flowrates from industrial sources vary with the type and size of the facility, the degree of water reuse, and the onsite wastewater-treatment methods, if any. Extremely high peak flowrates may be reduced by the use of onsite detention tanks and equalization basins. Tvpical design values for estimating the flows from industrial areas that have no or little wet-process-type industries are 7. 5 to 14 m /had for light industrial developments and 14 to 28 m/had for medium industrial developments. For cling or reuse programs. it can be assumed that about 85 to 9 percent of the water used in the various operations and processes will become wastewater For large industries with internal water-reuse programs, separate estimates based on actual water consumption records must be made. Average domestic(sanitary) wastewater contributed from industrial facilities may ary from 30 to 95 L/capita.d Infiltration/Inflow Extraneous flows in collection systems, described as infiltration and inflow, are illustrated on Fig 3-l and are defined as follows. od pr measured Infiltration Water entering a collection system from service connections and from the ground through such means as defective pipes. pipe ioints. connections, or ss port(manhole)walls. drains from springs and swampy areas. This type inflow is steady and is identified and measured along Intration(inctudrgsteadyirfow) with infiltration ig 3-1 Graphic identification of infiltration/inflo Those of inflow that hay direct stormwater runoff connection to the sanitary collection system and cause an almost immediate3-3 wastewater flowrates from domestic sources results directly from the reduction in interior water use. Representative water use rates for various devices and appliances are reported in Table 3-4. Tab 3-4 Typical rates of water use for various devices and appliances in the U.S. Device or appliance Unit Range Automatic home-type washing machine Top loading Front loading L/load 130-216 45-60 Automatic home-type dish washer L/load 36-60 Bathtub L/use 114 Kitchen food-waste grinder L/load 4-8 Shower L/min·use 9-11 Washbasin L/min·use 8-11 Devices and appliances that can be used to reduce interior domestic water use and wastewater flows described in Table 3-5. Tab 3-5 Flow-reduction devices and appliances in the U.S. Faucet aerators Increases the rinsing power of water by adding air and concentrating flow, thus reducing the amount of wash water used Flow-limiting showerheads Restricts and concentrates water passage by means of orifices that limit and divert shower flow for optimum use by the bather Low-flush toilets Reduces the amount of water per flush Pressure-reducing valves Maintains home water pressure at a lower level than that of the water distribution system. Decreases the probability of leaks and dripping faucets Toilet leak detectors Tablets that dissolve in the toilet tank and release dye to indicate leakage of the flush valve Vacuum toilets A vacuum along with a small amount of water is used to remove solids from toilet Water Use in Developing Countries The typical flowrates and use patterns presented in Tables 3-1 through 3-4 are based on water use and wastewater flowrate data from communities and facilities in the United States. Many developed countries have flowrates in similar range. Water use and, consequently, wastewater-generation rates in developing countries, however, are significantly lower. In some cases, the water supply is only available for limited periods of the day. Sources and Rates of Industrial (Nondomestic) Wastewater Flows Nondomestic wastewater flowrates from industrial sources vary with the type and size of the facility, the degree of water reuse, and the onsite wastewater-treatment methods, if any. Extremely high peak flowrates may be reduced by the use of onsite detention tanks and equalization basins. Typical design values for estimating the flows from industrial areas that have no or little wet-process-type industries are 7.5 to 14 m3 /ha·d for light industrial developments and 14 to 28 m3 /ha·d for medium industrial developments. For industries without internal water recycling or reuse programs, it can be assumed that about 85 to 95 percent of the water used in the various operations and processes will become wastewater. For large industries with internal water-reuse programs, separate estimates based on actual water consumption records must be made. Average domestic (sanitary) wastewater contributed from industrial facilities may vary from 30 to 95 L/capita·d. Infiltration/Inflow Extraneous flows in collection systems, described as infiltration and inflow, are illustrated on Fig. 3-1 and are defined as follows: Infiltration. Water entering a collection system from a variety of entry points including service connections and from the ground through such means as defective pipes, pipe joints, connections, or access port (manhole) walls. Steady inflow. Water discharged from cellar and foundation drains, cooling-water discharges, and drains from springs and swampy areas. This type of inflow is steady and is identified and measured along with infiltration. Fig. 3-1 Graphic identification of infiltration/inflow Direct inflow. Those types of inflow that have a direct stormwater runoff' connection to the sanitary collection system and cause an almost immediate