63 Power systems 63.1 Power System Analysis Introduction. Types of Powe m Analyses. The Power Flow Problem. Formulation of the Bus Admittance Matrix. Example LL. Grigsby and Formulation of the Power Flow Equations. P-V Buses.Bus AP Hanson Classifications.Generalized Power Flow Development.Solution Auburn University Methods.componentPowerFlows R.A. Schlueter and 63.2 Voltage Instability Voltage Stability Overview. Voltage Stability Models and N. Alemadi Simulation Tools. Kinds, Classes, and Agents of voltage Michigan State University Instability. Proximity to Voltage Instability. Future Research 63.1 Power System analysis Introduction The equivalent circuit parameters of many power system components are described in Chapters 61, 64, and 66. The interconnection of the different elements allows development of an overall power system model. The stem model provides the basis for computational simulation of the system performance under a wide variety of projected operating conditions. Additionally, "post mortem"studies, performed after system disturbances or equipment failures, often provide valuable insight into contributing system conditions. The different types f power system analyses are discussed below; the type of analysis performed depends on the conditions to be Types of Power System Analyses Power Flow analysis Power systems typically operate under slowly changing conditions which can be analyzed using steady state analysis. Further, transmission systems operate under balanced or near balanced conditions allowing per phase point for many other analyses. For example, the small signal and transient stability effects of a given disturballs a analysis to be used with a high degree of confidence in the solution. Power flow analysis provides the starti are dramatically affected by the"pre-disturbance"operating conditions of the power system.(A disturbance resulting in instability under heavily loaded system conditions may not have any adverse effects under lightly loaded conditions. )Additionally, fault analysis and transient analysis can also be impacted by the "pre-distur bance"operating point of a power system(although, they are usually affected much less than transient stability and small signal stability analysis) Fault Analysis Fault analysis refers to power system analysis under severely unbalanced conditions. Such conditions inch downed or open conductors. Fault analysis assesses the system behavior under the high current and/or severely e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC 63 Power Systems 63.1 Power System Analysis Introduction • Types of Power System Analyses • The Power Flow Problem • Formulation of the Bus Admittance Matrix • Example Formulation of the Power Flow Equations • P-V Buses • Bus Classifications • Generalized Power Flow Development • Solution Methods • Component Power Flows 63.2 Voltage Instability Voltage Stability Overview • Voltage Stability Models and Simulation Tools • Kinds, Classes, and Agents of Voltage Instability • Proximity to Voltage Instability • Future Research 63.1 Power System Analysis Introduction The equivalent circuit parameters of many power system components are described in Chapters 61, 64, and 66. The interconnection of the different elements allows development of an overall power system model. The system model provides the basis for computational simulation of the system performance under a wide variety of projected operating conditions. Additionally, “post mortem” studies, performed after system disturbances or equipment failures, often provide valuable insight into contributing system conditions. The different types of power system analyses are discussed below; the type of analysis performed depends on the conditions to be assessed. Types of Power System Analyses Power Flow Analysis Power systems typically operate under slowly changing conditions which can be analyzed using steady state analysis. Further, transmission systems operate under balanced or near balanced conditions allowing per phase analysis to be used with a high degree of confidence in the solution. Power flow analysis provides the starting point for many other analyses. For example, the small signal and transient stability effects of a given disturbance are dramatically affected by the “pre-disturbance” operating conditions of the power system. (A disturbance resulting in instability under heavily loaded system conditions may not have any adverse effects under lightly loaded conditions.) Additionally, fault analysis and transient analysis can also be impacted by the “pre-distur￾bance” operating point of a power system (although, they are usually affected much less than transient stability and small signal stability analysis). Fault Analysis Fault analysis refers to power system analysis under severely unbalanced conditions. (Such conditions include downed or open conductors.) Fault analysis assesses the system behavior under the high current and/or severely L.L. Grigsby and A.P. Hanson Auburn University R.A. Schlueter and N. Alemadi Michigan State University