68 ALCOHOLS AND ALKYL HALIDES Functional class name bstitutive name CHCH, CH,CH,OH n-Butyl alcohol 1-Butanol CH3 CHCH, CH3 sec-Butyl alcohol 2-Butanol (l-Methylpropyl alcohol) CH3 CHCH,OH Isobutyl alcohol 2-Methyl-1-propanol (2-Methylpropyl alcohol) CH CCH tert-Butyl alcohol 2-Methyl-2-propanol (1, I-Dimethylethyl alcohol) 4.3 Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the number of carbon substituents attached to the carbon that bears the hydroxyl group. H..CH CH3C—CH2CH3 Primary alcohol econdary alcohol (one alkyl group bonded to--CH, OH) (two alkyl groups bonded to/CHOH) CH (CH3)2CH—C-OH CH -C-OH Primary kyl group bonded to-CH, OH)(three alkyl groups bonded to - COH) 4.4 Dipole moment is the product of charge and distance. Although the electron distribution in the carbon-chlorine bond is more polarized than that in the carbon-bromine bond, this effect is counterbalanced by the longer carbon-bromine bond distance Distance Charge CH -CI CH--Br Methyl chloride (greater value of e) 8D 4.5 All the hydrogens in dimethyl ether(CH3OCH3) are bonded to carbon; therefore, intermolecular hydrogen bonding between dimethyl ether molecules does not take place, and its boiling point is lower than that of ethanol (CHa CH,OH), where hydrogen bonding involving the -OH group is 4.6 Ammonia is a base and abstracts(accepts)a proton from the acid (proton donor) hydrogen chloride H3N NH, cl: B Acid Conjugate Conjugate Back Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide Toc Student OLC MHHE Website68 ALCOHOLS AND ALKYL HALIDES Functional class name Substitutive name CH3CH2CH2CH2OH n-Butyl alcohol 1-Butanol (Butyl alcohol) sec-Butyl alcohol 2-Butanol (1-Methylpropyl alcohol) Isobutyl alcohol 2-Methyl-1-propanol (2-Methylpropyl alcohol) tert-Butyl alcohol 2-Methyl-2-propanol (1,1-Dimethylethyl alcohol) 4.3 Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the number of carbon substituents attached to the carbon that bears the hydroxyl group. 4.4 Dipole moment is the product of charge and distance. Although the electron distribution in the carbon–chlorine bond is more polarized than that in the carbon–bromine bond, this effect is counterbalanced by the longer carbon–bromine bond distance. 4.5 All the hydrogens in dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) are bonded to carbon; therefore, intermolecular hydrogen bonding between dimethyl ether molecules does not take place, and its boiling point is lower than that of ethanol (CH3CH2OH), where hydrogen bonding involving the @OH group is important. 4.6 Ammonia is a base and abstracts (accepts) a proton from the acid (proton donor) hydrogen chloride. H Cl 3N H NH4 Cl Base Acid Conjugate acid Conjugate base  e  d Charge Dipole moment Distance CH3 Cl Methyl chloride (greater value of e) 1.9 D CH3 Br Methyl bromide (greater value of d) 1.8 D (CH3)2CH C H H OH Primary alcohol (one alkyl group bonded to CH2OH) CH3 CH3 CH3 C OH Tertiary alcohol (three alkyl groups bonded to COH) CH3CH2CH2 C H H OH Primary alcohol (one alkyl group bonded to CH2OH) CH3 C OH H CH2CH3 Secondary alcohol (two alkyl groups bonded to CHOH) CH3CHCH2CH3 OH CH3CHCH2OH CH3 CH3 CH3CCH3 OH Back Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide TOC Student OLC MHHE Website