and limitations of the common used cell disruption techniques-including mechanic and non-mechanic ones, get familiar with the structural differences among different living cells, understand why it is necessary to disrupt the cells for production of some bioproducts, how to select an appropriate disruption technique, how to evaluate the effectiveness of an disruption method, and why we should keep an ppropriate extent of cell disruption Key points: Principles, operations, applications and limitations of cell disruption techniques Difficult points: Principles of cell disruption me thods, osmotic pressure Chapter 3 Crystallization and precipitation In this chapter, students should grasp solubility and supersolubility diagram ways to generate supersaturated solutions, and nucleation phenomena, get familiar with the similarities and differences between crystallization and precipitation, and understand the common crystallization paths, and the importance of different nucleation processes to industrial application. Key points: solubility an lubility d definition of crystallization and precipitati Difficult points: nucleation stal growth Chapter 4 Membrane Filtration In this chapter, students should grasp membrane selectivity, driving forces for membrane filtration, and membrane filtration methods of microfiltration and ultrafiltration, get familiar with reverse osmosis and electrodialysis, understand membrane structures, membrane modules, membrane fouling, and the general plication of membrane filtration Key points: selectivity of membrane filtration, structural diversity in membranes, Darcys law, concentration polarizat Difficult points: Darcy's law, concentration polarization, solvent and solute flux in membrane filtration Chapter 5 Centrifugation In this chapter, students should grasp gravitational and centrifuga sedimentation, calculations about tubular bowl centrifuges and disk-type centrifuges, get familiar with the two methods for industrial scale-up of centrifugation, namely 2 factor and equivalent time, understand the commonly used http:/spxy.zjgsu.edu.cnhttp://spxy.zjgsu.edu.cn and limitations of the common used cell disruption techniques—including mechanic and non-mechanic ones, get familiar with the structural differences among different living cells, understand why it is necessary to disrupt the cells for production of some bioproducts, how to select an appropriate disruption technique, how to evaluate the effectiveness of an disruption method, and why we should keep an appropriate extent of cell disruption. Key points ： Principles, operations, applications and limitations of cell disruption techniques. Difficult points：Principles of cell disruption methods, osmotic pressure. Chapter 3 Crystallization and precipitation In this chapter, students should grasp solubility and supersolubility diagram, ways to generate supersaturated solutions, and nucleation phenomena, get familiar with the similarities and differences between crystallization and precipitation, and understand the common crystallization paths, and the importance of different nucleation processes to industrial application. Key points： solubility and supersolubility diagram, nucleation phenomena, definition of crystallization and precipitation. Difficult points：nucleation rate, crystal growth rate. Chapter 4 Membrane Filtration In this chapter, students should grasp membrane selectivity, driving forces for membrane filtration, and membrane filtration methods of microfiltration and ultrafiltration, get familiar with reverse osmosis and electrodialysis, understand membrane structures, membrane modules, membrane fouling, and the general application of membrane filtration. Key points ： selectivity of membrane filtration, structural diversity in membranes, Darcy’s law, concentration polarization. Difficult points：Darcy’s law, concentration polarization, solvent and solute flux in membrane filtration. Chapter 5 Centrifugation In this chapter, students should grasp gravitational and centrifugal sedimentation, calculations about tubular bowl centrifuges and disk-type centrifuges, get familiar with the two methods for industrial scale-up of centrifugation, namely Σ factor and equivalent time, understand the commonly used