美国的两个重要的反托拉斯法 管制 Two Important Antitrust Laws Regulation 1890年的 Sherman反托拉斯法( Sherman 政府管制垄断者收取的价格。 Antitrust Act) Government may regulate the prices ◆减少当时强大的“托拉斯市场势力 that the monopoly charges. Reduced the market power of the large and powerful "trusts"of that time period. ◆如果价格定在等于边际成本,资源 1914年的 Clayton法( Clayton Act) 配置就将是有效率的。 ◆加强政府的权力,并使私人对此类诉讼合法化 The allocation of resourees will be Strengthened the government's powers and efficient if price is set to equal marginal cost. 自然断的边际成本定价 Marginal-Cost Pricing for a Natural 管制 Monopoly. 在实际中,管制者允许垄断者从降低成 本中以更高利润形式保留一些利益,这 种做法要求对边际成本定价的某种偏离 Average cost In practice, regulators will allow total cos monopolists to keep some of the benefits 制的价备 from lower costs in the form of higher profit, a practice that requires some 福求 Demand departure from marginal-cost pricing. 公有制 什么也不做 Public Ownership Doing Nothing 政府不是管制由私人经营的自然垄断 而是由自己经营自然垄断本身(比 如果相对于公共政策的不完善性 如,在美国,政府经营美国邮政局) 而言市场失灵的程度肯定较小, Rather than regulating a natural 那末政府可以什么也不做。 monopoly that is run by a private firm Government can do nothing at al the government can run the monopoly if the market failure is deemed itself(e.g. in the U.s the government runs the postal Service) small compared to the imperfections of public policies.7 37 美国的两个重要的反托拉斯法 Two Important Antitrust Laws • 1890年的Sherman反托拉斯法（Sherman Antitrust Act） ‹ 减少当时强大的“托拉斯”市场势力。 Reduced the market power of the large and powerful “trusts” of that time period. • 1914年的Clayton 法（Clayton Act） ‹ 加强政府的权力，并使私人对此类诉讼合法化。 Strengthened the government’s powers and authorized private lawsuits. 38 管制 Regulation 政府管制垄断者收取的价格。 Government may regulate the prices that the monopoly charges. ‹如果价格定在等于边际成本，资源 配置就将是有效率的。 The allocation of resources will be efficient if price is set to equal marginal cost. 39 自然垄断的边际成本定价 Marginal-Cost Pricing for a Natural Monopoly... Regulated price 受管制的价格 0 Quantity 亏损Loss Price 需求Demand 边际成本Marginal cost 平均总成本 Average total cost Average total cost 平均总成本 40 管制 Regulation 在实际中，管制者允许垄断者从降低成 本中以更高利润形式保留一些利益，这 种做法要求对边际成本定价的某种偏离 In practice, regulators will allow monopolists to keep some of the benefits from lower costs in the form of higher profit, a practice that requires some departure from marginal-cost pricing. 41 公有制 Public Ownership 政府不是管制由私人经营的自然垄断 ，而是由自己经营自然垄断本身（比 如，在美国，政府经营美国邮政局） Rather than regulating a natural monopoly that is run by a private firm, the government can run the monopoly itself. (e.g. in the U.S., the government runs the Postal Service). 42 什么也不做 Doing Nothing 如果相对于公共政策的不完善性 而言市场失灵的程度肯定较小， 那末政府可以什么也不做。 Government can do nothing at all if the market failure is deemed small compared to the imperfections of public policies