song,Marylyn Young,Kathryn Weathersby,and Zhang Baijia.Brian Dea- son,Hu Shaohua,Li Di,and David Snyder served as my research assistants at Southern Illinois University and the U.S.Institute of Peace and have contrib- uted to the completion of this project. Earlier versions of several chapters were previously published:ChapterI first appeared in Gerhard Krebs and Christian Oberlander,eds,1945 in Europe and Asia:Reconsidering the End of World War Il and the Change of the World Order (Tokyo and Berlin:Deutsches Institut fuir Japanstudien,1997);Chapter 2 in the winter 1997issue of Diplomatic History;Chapter3(which I coauthored with Yang Kuisong)in Odd Arne Westad,ed.,Brothers in Arms:The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance,1949-1963(The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press,1999);and Chapters5 and 8 in the March 1993 and June 1995 issues of The China Quarterly.They all have been substantially re- vised and are included in this volume with permission from the original pub- lishers. Portions of this manuscript have been presented at various lectures,work- shops,and conferences at Beijing Capital Normal University;the University of California,Berkeley;the University of California,Santa Barbara;Cam- bridge University;Colgate University;Columbia University;the University of Connecticut;East China Normal University;Fudan University;Hong Kong University;George Washington University;Guangxi Normal Univer- sity;the Korean National Defense University;the Institute of Contempo- rary China in Beijing;the Norwegian Nobel Institute;Oxford University;the University of Southern California;the University of Virginia;the University of Wisconsin,Madison;the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington,D.C.; Yale University;Yonsei University;and panels at the annual meetings of the Association for Asian Studies,the American Historical Association,Chinese Historians in the United States,and the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations.I have benefited greatly from the comments these presen- tations elicited. The editors at the University of North Carolina Press deserve great credit for their valuable assistance in improving this manuscript and bringing it to publication.In particular Iam grateful to Lewis Bateman,David Perry,Alison Waldenberg,and Mary Laur.Mary Caviness did a superb job of copyediting, making this a more accurate and much better book. Iowe a great deal to my father,Chen Liqiang,especially,for his help in col- lecting Chinese source materials for me over the years.This book is dedicated to my wife,Chen Zhihong,whose love makes my life more meaningful. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsong, Marylyn Young, Kathryn Weathersby, and Zhang Baijia. Brian Dea￾son, Hu Shaohua, Li Di, and David Snyder served as my research assistants at Southern Illinois University and the U.S. Institute of Peace and have contrib￾uted to the completion of this project. Earlier versions of several chapters were previously published: Chapter 1 first appeared in Gerhard Krebs and Christian Oberländer, eds., 1945 in Europe and Asia: Reconsidering the End of World War II and the Change of theWorld Order (Tokyo and Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien, 1997); Chapter 2 in the winter 1997 issue of Diplomatic History; Chapter 3 (which I coauthored with Yang Kuisong) in Odd Arne Westad, ed., Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949–1963 (TheWoodrow Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press, 1999); and Chapters 5 and 8 in the March 1993 and June 1995 issues of The China Quarterly. They all have been substantially re￾vised and are included in this volume with permission from the original pub￾lishers. Portions of this manuscript have been presented at various lectures, work￾shops, and conferences at Beijing Capital Normal University; the University of California, Berkeley; the University of California, Santa Barbara; Cam￾bridge University; Colgate University; Columbia University; the University of Connecticut; East China Normal University; Fudan University; Hong Kong University; George Washington University; Guangxi Normal Univer￾sity; the Korean National Defense University; the Institute of Contempo￾rary China in Beijing; the Norwegian Nobel Institute; Oxford University; the University of Southern California; the University of Virginia; the University of Wisconsin, Madison; the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C.; Yale University; Yonsei University; and panels at the annual meetings of the Association for Asian Studies, the American Historical Association, Chinese Historians in the United States, and the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. I have benefited greatly from the comments these presen￾tations elicited. The editors at the University of North Carolina Press deserve great credit for their valuable assistance in improving this manuscript and bringing it to publication. In particular I am grateful to Lewis Bateman, David Perry, Alison Waldenberg, and Mary Laur. Mary Caviness did a superb job of copyediting, making this a more accurate and much better book. I owe a great deal to my father, Chen Liqiang, especially, for his help in col￾lecting Chinese source materials for me over the years. This book is dedicated to my wife, Chen Zhihong, whose love makes my life more meaningful. x acknowledgments