&THE COLD WAR C
MAO'S CHINA AND THE COLD WAR
mao’s china and the cold war
THE NEW COLD WAR HISTORY Tobn Lewis Gaddis,editor
the new cold war history John Lewis Gaddis, editor
MAO'S CHINA AND THE COLD WAR CHEN JIAN The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill女London
mao’s china and the cold war chen jian The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill & London
0200I Versions of Chapters 1,2,3.5,and 8 appeared The University of earlier,in somewhat different form,respectively, North Carolina Press in Chen Jian,"China in 1945:From Anti-Japanese All rights reserved War to Revolution,"in 1945 in Europe and Asia: Manufactured in the Reconsidering the End of World War II and the United States of America Cbanges of tbe World Order,edited by Gerhard Set in Janson and Meta types Krebs and Christian Oberlander (Tokyo: by Tseng Information Systems Deutschen Institut fur Japanstudien der Philipp- The paper in this book meets the Franz-von-Siebold-Stiftung,1997)(reprinted by guidelines for permanence and permission);Chen Jian,"The Myth of America's durability of the Committee on 'Lost Chance'in China:A Chinese Perspective in Production Guidelines for Book Light of New Evidence,"Diplomatic History Longevity of the Council on (Winter 1997)(reprinted by permission);Chen Library Resources. Jian and Yang Kuisong,"Chinese Politics and the Library of Congress Collapse of the Sino-Soviet Alliance,"in Brotbers Cataloging-in-Publication Data in Arms:The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, Chen Jian. 1945-1963,edited by Odd Arne Westad (Wash- Mao's China and the cold war/ ington,D.C.:Woodrow Wilson Center Press Chen Jian. and Stanford:Stanford University Press,1998) p.cm.-(The new cold war (reprinted by permission);and Chen Jian,"China history） and the First Indo-China War,195o-1954,"China Includes bibliographical references Quarterly,no.133 (March 1993),and Chen Jian, and index. "China's Involvement in the Vietnam War, ISBN o-8078-2617-o (alk.paper)- 1964-1969,"China Quarterly,no.142 (June 1995) IsBN o-8078-4932-4(pbk.alk.paper) (reprinted by permission of Oxford University 1.China-Foreign relations-1949- Press). 2.Cold War.I.Title.II.Series. Ds777.8.C434200I 327-51-dc2100-067240 050403020I5432I
© 2001 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Set in Janson and Meta types by Tseng Information Systems The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chen Jian. Mao’s China and the cold war / Chen Jian. p. cm. — (The new cold war history) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8078-2617-0 (alk. paper) — isbn 0-8078-4932-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. China—Foreign relations—1949– 2. Cold War. I. Title. II. Series. ds777.8 .c4314 2001 327.51—dc21 00-067240 05 04 03 02 01 5 4 3 2 1 Versions of Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 appeared earlier, in somewhat different form, respectively, in Chen Jian, ‘‘China in 1945: From Anti-Japanese War to Revolution,’’ in 1945 in Europe and Asia: Reconsidering the End of World War II and the Changes of the World Order, edited by Gerhard Krebs and Christian Oberländer (Tokyo: Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der PhilippFranz-von-Siebold-Stiftung, 1997) (reprinted by permission); Chen Jian, ‘‘The Myth of America’s ‘Lost Chance’ in China: A Chinese Perspective in Light of New Evidence,’’ Diplomatic History (Winter 1997) (reprinted by permission); Chen Jian and Yang Kuisong, ‘‘Chinese Politics and the Collapse of the Sino-Soviet Alliance,’’ in Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1963, edited by Odd Arne Westad (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998) (reprinted by permission); and Chen Jian, ‘‘China and the First Indo-China War, 1950–1954,’’ China Quarterly, no. 133 (March 1993), and Chen Jian, ‘‘China’s Involvement in the Vietnam War, 1964–1969,’’ China Quarterly, no. 142 ( June 1995) (reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press)
For my wife,Hong Hong
For my wife, Hong Hong
This page intentionally left blank
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Introduction r CHAPTER I The Chinese Civil War and the Rise of the Cold War in East Asia,1945-1946 17 CHAPTER 2 The Myth of America's Lost Chance in China 38 CHAPTER 3 Mao's Continuous Revolution and the Rise and Demise of the Sino-Soviet Alliance,1949-1963 49 CHAPTER 4 China's Strategies to End the Korean War,195o-1953 85 CHAPTER 5 China and the First Indochina War,1950-1954 rr8 CHAPTER 6 Beijing and the Polish and Hungarian Crises of 1956 145 CHAPTER 7 Beijing and the Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1958 163 CHAPTER 8 China's Involvement in the Vietnam War,1964-1969 205 CHAPTER 9 The Sino-American Rapprochement,1969-1972 238 EPILOGUE The Legacies of China's Cold War Experience 277 Notes 285 Bibliographic Essay 373 Index 387
contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 chapter 1 The Chinese Civil War and the Rise of the Cold War in East Asia, 1945–1946 17 chapter 2 The Myth of America’s Lost Chance in China 38 chapter 3 Mao’s Continuous Revolution and the Rise and Demise of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949–1963 49 chapter 4 China’s Strategies to End the Korean War, 1950–1953 85 chapter 5 China and the First Indochina War, 1950–1954 118 chapter 6 Beijing and the Polish and Hungarian Crises of 1956 145 chapter 7 Beijing and the Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1958 163 chapter 8 China’s Involvement in the Vietnam War, 1964–1969 205 chapter 9 The Sino-American Rapprochement, 1969–1972 238 epilogue The Legacies of China’s Cold War Experience 277 Notes 285 Bibliographic Essay 373 Index 387
MAPS,ILLUSTRATIONS,AND TABLE MAPS China 18 Korea and China's Northeast 86 Indochina ro Eastern China and the Taiwan Strait 164 ILLUSTRATIONS Soviet Red Army soldiers with Chinese Communist soldiers in Manchuria 3o Mao Zedong with Anastas Mikoyan 45 Stalin and Mao Zedong 53 Draft of Mao Zedong's telegram to Stalin,2 October 1950 57 Mao Zedong and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at the celebration rally for the fortieth anniversary of the Russian Bolshevik revolution 7r Mao Zedong greets Nikita Khrushchev at the Beijing airport, 3Juy95876 Chinese People's Volunteers commander Peng Dehuai and North Korean Communist leader Kim Il-sung 94 Chinese delegation attending the Geneva conference of 1954 139 Zhou Enlai speaking to Hungarian Communist leader Janos Kadar r6o Chinese-American ambassadorial talks at Warsaw r9s Chinese party and government delegation visiting Hanoi 235 Chinese soldiers patrolling at Zhenbao Island 24r Zhou Enlai and Aleksei Kosygin at the Beijing airport 248 Mao Zedong and Edgar Snow at the top of Tiananmen 255 Chinese Ping-Pong player Zhuang Zedong and American player Glenn Cowen 260 Zhou Enlai greets Richard Nixon at the Beijing airport 274 Mao Zedong and Richard Nixon at Zhongnanhai,Beijing 275 TABLE Table 1.China's Military Aid to Vietnam,1964-1975 228
maps, illustrations, and table maps China 18 Korea and China’s Northeast 86 Indochina 119 Eastern China and the Taiwan Strait 164 illustrations Soviet Red Army soldiers with Chinese Communist soldiers in Manchuria 30 Mao Zedong with Anastas Mikoyan 45 Stalin and Mao Zedong 53 Draft of Mao Zedong’s telegram to Stalin, 2 October 1950 57 Mao Zedong and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at the celebration rally for the fortieth anniversary of the Russian Bolshevik revolution 71 Mao Zedong greets Nikita Khrushchev at the Beijing airport, 31 July 1958 76 Chinese People’s Volunteers commander Peng Dehuai and North Korean Communist leader Kim Il-sung 94 Chinese delegation attending the Geneva conference of 1954 139 Zhou Enlai speaking to Hungarian Communist leader János Kádár 160 Chinese-American ambassadorial talks at Warsaw 195 Chinese party and government delegation visiting Hanoi 235 Chinese soldiers patrolling at Zhenbao Island 241 Zhou Enlai and Aleksei Kosygin at the Beijing airport 248 Mao Zedong and Edgar Snow at the top of Tiananmen 255 Chinese Ping-Pong player Zhuang Zedong and American player Glenn Cowen 260 Zhou Enlai greets Richard Nixon at the Beijing airport 274 Mao Zedong and Richard Nixon at Zhongnanhai, Beijing 275 table Table 1. China’s Military Aid to Vietnam, 1964–1975 228
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this book would have been impossible without the gener- ous institutional and financial support I have received in the past decade.In particular,I would like to acknowledge a Norwegian Nobel Institute fellow- ship in 1993,a Dr.Nuala McGann Drescher Leave Program Fellowship from the State University of New York in fall 1994,a summer fellowship and a two- year special research grant from Southern Illinois University in Carbondale in 1996 and 1997-99,and a senior fellowship at the United States Institute of Peace in 1996-97. John Lewis Gaddis,Michael Schaller,Jonathan Spence,and Odd Arne Westad read the entire manuscript and provided me with critical comments and suggestions.William Turley and David Wilson,my teachers and col- leagues at Southern Illinois University,have constantly served as sources of friendship and unfailing support.Jim Hershberg,David Wolff,and Christian Ostermann,who have directed the Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for the past de- cade,helped me in many ways-including providing encouragement,offering forums for me to test my ideas,and,together with the staff at the National Security Archive in Washington,D.C.,sharing with me newly declassified Cold War documentation.Charles Bailey,David Tamerin,and David Wer- lich,the three department chairmen with whom I have worked at SUNY- Geneseo and Southern Illinois University,have been most supportive as col- leagues and friends.Zhang Shuguang,Michael M.Sheng,and Zhai Qiang, fellow Chinese scholars working on Cold War studies in the United States,as well as Vladislav Zubok,a renowned Russian Cold War scholar who shares a birthday with me,have enhanced my understanding of the Cold War history in many discussions over the years. I also wish to thank a number of friends,colleagues,and fellow scholars who either have read part of the manuscript during various stages of its making and offered critical comments or have provided support in other valuable ways: William Burr,Warren Cohen,Thomas Christensen,Roger Dingman,John Garver,Leszek Gluchowski,He Di,Michael Hunt,Li Haiwen,Geir Lunde- stad,Niu Jun,Krzysztof Persak,Shen Zhihua,R.B.Smith,Tao Wenzhao, Marc Trachtenberg,Nancy Berncropf Tucker,Xu Yan,Xue Litai,Yang Kui-
acknowledgments The completion of this book would have been impossible without the generous institutional and financial support I have received in the past decade. In particular, I would like to acknowledge a Norwegian Nobel Institute fellowship in 1993, a Dr. Nuala McGann Drescher Leave Program Fellowship from the State University of New York in fall 1994, a summer fellowship and a twoyear special research grant from Southern Illinois University in Carbondale in 1996 and 1997–99, and a senior fellowship at the United States Institute of Peace in 1996–97. John Lewis Gaddis, Michael Schaller, Jonathan Spence, and Odd Arne Westad read the entire manuscript and provided me with critical comments and suggestions. William Turley and David Wilson, my teachers and colleagues at Southern Illinois University, have constantly served as sources of friendship and unfailing support. Jim Hershberg, David Wolff, and Christian Ostermann, who have directed the Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for the past decade, helped me in many ways—including providing encouragement, offering forums for me to test my ideas, and, together with the staff at the National Security Archive in Washington, D.C., sharing with me newly declassified Cold War documentation. Charles Bailey, David Tamerin, and David Werlich, the three department chairmen with whom I have worked at SUNYGeneseo and Southern Illinois University, have been most supportive as colleagues and friends. Zhang Shuguang, Michael M. Sheng, and Zhai Qiang, fellow Chinese scholars working on Cold War studies in the United States, as well as Vladislav Zubok, a renowned Russian Cold War scholar who shares a birthday with me, have enhanced my understanding of the Cold War history in many discussions over the years. I also wish to thank a number of friends, colleagues, and fellow scholars who either have read part of the manuscript during various stages of its making and offered critical comments or have provided support in other valuable ways: William Burr, Warren Cohen, Thomas Christensen, Roger Dingman, John Garver, Leszek Gluchowski, He Di, Michael Hunt, Li Haiwen, Geir Lundestad, Niu Jun, Krzysztof Persak, Shen Zhihua, R. B. Smith, Tao Wenzhao, Marc Trachtenberg, Nancy Berncropf Tucker, Xu Yan, Xue Litai, Yang Kui-
