上海交通大学：《当代中国外交》课程教学资源（相关阅读）Mao Zedong and China_Mao's China and the Cold war.pdf_大学文库

© 2001 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Set in Janson and Meta types by Tseng Information Systems The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chen Jian. Mao’s China and the cold war / Chen Jian. p. cm. — (The new cold war history) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8078-2617-0 (alk. paper) — isbn 0-8078-4932-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. China—Foreign relations—1949– 2. Cold War. I. Title. II. Series. ds777.8 .c4314 2001 327.51—dc21 00-067240 05 04 03 02 01 5 4 3 2 1 Versions of Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 appeared earlier, in somewhat different form, respectively, in Chen Jian, ‘‘China in 1945: From Anti-Japanese War to Revolution,’’ in 1945 in Europe and Asia: Reconsidering the End of World War II and the Changes of the World Order, edited by Gerhard Krebs and Christian Oberländer (Tokyo: Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der PhilippFranz-von-Siebold-Stiftung, 1997) (reprinted by permission); Chen Jian, ‘‘The Myth of America’s ‘Lost Chance’ in China: A Chinese Perspective in Light of New Evidence,’’ Diplomatic History (Winter 1997) (reprinted by permission); Chen Jian and Yang Kuisong, ‘‘Chinese Politics and the Collapse of the Sino-Soviet Alliance,’’ in Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1963, edited by Odd Arne Westad (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998) (reprinted by permission); and Chen Jian, ‘‘China and the First Indo-China War, 1950–1954,’’ China Quarterly, no. 133 (March 1993), and Chen Jian, ‘‘China’s Involvement in the Vietnam War, 1964–1969,’’ China Quarterly, no. 142 ( June 1995) (reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this book would have been impossible without the gener- ous institutional and financial support I have received in the past decade.In particular,I would like to acknowledge a Norwegian Nobel Institute fellow- ship in 1993,a Dr.Nuala McGann Drescher Leave Program Fellowship from the State University of New York in fall 1994,a summer fellowship and a two- year special research grant from Southern Illinois University in Carbondale in 1996 and 1997-99,and a senior fellowship at the United States Institute of Peace in 1996-97. John Lewis Gaddis,Michael Schaller,Jonathan Spence,and Odd Arne Westad read the entire manuscript and provided me with critical comments and suggestions.William Turley and David Wilson,my teachers and col- leagues at Southern Illinois University,have constantly served as sources of friendship and unfailing support.Jim Hershberg,David Wolff,and Christian Ostermann,who have directed the Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for the past de- cade,helped me in many ways-including providing encouragement,offering forums for me to test my ideas,and,together with the staff at the National Security Archive in Washington,D.C.,sharing with me newly declassified Cold War documentation.Charles Bailey,David Tamerin,and David Wer- lich,the three department chairmen with whom I have worked at SUNY- Geneseo and Southern Illinois University,have been most supportive as col- leagues and friends.Zhang Shuguang,Michael M.Sheng,and Zhai Qiang, fellow Chinese scholars working on Cold War studies in the United States,as well as Vladislav Zubok,a renowned Russian Cold War scholar who shares a birthday with me,have enhanced my understanding of the Cold War history in many discussions over the years. I also wish to thank a number of friends,colleagues,and fellow scholars who either have read part of the manuscript during various stages of its making and offered critical comments or have provided support in other valuable ways: William Burr,Warren Cohen,Thomas Christensen,Roger Dingman,John Garver,Leszek Gluchowski,He Di,Michael Hunt,Li Haiwen,Geir Lunde- stad,Niu Jun,Krzysztof Persak,Shen Zhihua,R.B.Smith,Tao Wenzhao, Marc Trachtenberg,Nancy Berncropf Tucker,Xu Yan,Xue Litai,Yang Kui-

acknowledgments The completion of this book would have been impossible without the generous institutional and financial support I have received in the past decade. In particular, I would like to acknowledge a Norwegian Nobel Institute fellowship in 1993, a Dr. Nuala McGann Drescher Leave Program Fellowship from the State University of New York in fall 1994, a summer fellowship and a twoyear special research grant from Southern Illinois University in Carbondale in 1996 and 1997–99, and a senior fellowship at the United States Institute of Peace in 1996–97. John Lewis Gaddis, Michael Schaller, Jonathan Spence, and Odd Arne Westad read the entire manuscript and provided me with critical comments and suggestions. William Turley and David Wilson, my teachers and colleagues at Southern Illinois University, have constantly served as sources of friendship and unfailing support. Jim Hershberg, David Wolff, and Christian Ostermann, who have directed the Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for the past decade, helped me in many ways—including providing encouragement, offering forums for me to test my ideas, and, together with the staff at the National Security Archive in Washington, D.C., sharing with me newly declassified Cold War documentation. Charles Bailey, David Tamerin, and David Werlich, the three department chairmen with whom I have worked at SUNYGeneseo and Southern Illinois University, have been most supportive as colleagues and friends. Zhang Shuguang, Michael M. Sheng, and Zhai Qiang, fellow Chinese scholars working on Cold War studies in the United States, as well as Vladislav Zubok, a renowned Russian Cold War scholar who shares a birthday with me, have enhanced my understanding of the Cold War history in many discussions over the years. I also wish to thank a number of friends, colleagues, and fellow scholars who either have read part of the manuscript during various stages of its making and offered critical comments or have provided support in other valuable ways: William Burr, Warren Cohen, Thomas Christensen, Roger Dingman, John Garver, Leszek Gluchowski, He Di, Michael Hunt, Li Haiwen, Geir Lundestad, Niu Jun, Krzysztof Persak, Shen Zhihua, R. B. Smith, Tao Wenzhao, Marc Trachtenberg, Nancy Berncropf Tucker, Xu Yan, Xue Litai, Yang Kui-

song,Marylyn Young,Kathryn Weathersby,and Zhang Baijia.Brian Dea- son,Hu Shaohua,Li Di,and David Snyder served as my research assistants at Southern Illinois University and the U.S.Institute of Peace and have contrib- uted to the completion of this project. Earlier versions of several chapters were previously published:ChapterI first appeared in Gerhard Krebs and Christian Oberlander,eds,1945 in Europe and Asia:Reconsidering the End of World War Il and the Change of the World Order (Tokyo and Berlin:Deutsches Institut fuir Japanstudien,1997);Chapter 2 in the winter 1997issue of Diplomatic History;Chapter3(which I coauthored with Yang Kuisong)in Odd Arne Westad,ed.,Brothers in Arms:The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance,1949-1963(The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press,1999);and Chapters5 and 8 in the March 1993 and June 1995 issues of The China Quarterly.They all have been substantially re- vised and are included in this volume with permission from the original pub- lishers. Portions of this manuscript have been presented at various lectures,work- shops,and conferences at Beijing Capital Normal University;the University of California,Berkeley;the University of California,Santa Barbara;Cam- bridge University;Colgate University;Columbia University;the University of Connecticut;East China Normal University;Fudan University;Hong Kong University;George Washington University;Guangxi Normal Univer- sity;the Korean National Defense University;the Institute of Contempo- rary China in Beijing;the Norwegian Nobel Institute;Oxford University;the University of Southern California;the University of Virginia;the University of Wisconsin,Madison;the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington,D.C.; Yale University;Yonsei University;and panels at the annual meetings of the Association for Asian Studies,the American Historical Association,Chinese Historians in the United States,and the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations.I have benefited greatly from the comments these presen- tations elicited. The editors at the University of North Carolina Press deserve great credit for their valuable assistance in improving this manuscript and bringing it to publication.In particular Iam grateful to Lewis Bateman,David Perry,Alison Waldenberg,and Mary Laur.Mary Caviness did a superb job of copyediting, making this a more accurate and much better book. Iowe a great deal to my father,Chen Liqiang,especially,for his help in col- lecting Chinese source materials for me over the years.This book is dedicated to my wife,Chen Zhihong,whose love makes my life more meaningful. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

song, Marylyn Young, Kathryn Weathersby, and Zhang Baijia. Brian Deason, Hu Shaohua, Li Di, and David Snyder served as my research assistants at Southern Illinois University and the U.S. Institute of Peace and have contributed to the completion of this project. Earlier versions of several chapters were previously published: Chapter 1 first appeared in Gerhard Krebs and Christian Oberländer, eds., 1945 in Europe and Asia: Reconsidering the End of World War II and the Change of theWorld Order (Tokyo and Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien, 1997); Chapter 2 in the winter 1997 issue of Diplomatic History; Chapter 3 (which I coauthored with Yang Kuisong) in Odd Arne Westad, ed., Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949–1963 (TheWoodrow Wilson Center Press and Stanford University Press, 1999); and Chapters 5 and 8 in the March 1993 and June 1995 issues of The China Quarterly. They all have been substantially revised and are included in this volume with permission from the original publishers. Portions of this manuscript have been presented at various lectures, workshops, and conferences at Beijing Capital Normal University; the University of California, Berkeley; the University of California, Santa Barbara; Cambridge University; Colgate University; Columbia University; the University of Connecticut; East China Normal University; Fudan University; Hong Kong University; George Washington University; Guangxi Normal University; the Korean National Defense University; the Institute of Contemporary China in Beijing; the Norwegian Nobel Institute; Oxford University; the University of Southern California; the University of Virginia; the University of Wisconsin, Madison; the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C.; Yale University; Yonsei University; and panels at the annual meetings of the Association for Asian Studies, the American Historical Association, Chinese Historians in the United States, and the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. I have benefited greatly from the comments these presentations elicited. The editors at the University of North Carolina Press deserve great credit for their valuable assistance in improving this manuscript and bringing it to publication. In particular I am grateful to Lewis Bateman, David Perry, Alison Waldenberg, and Mary Laur. Mary Caviness did a superb job of copyediting, making this a more accurate and much better book. I owe a great deal to my father, Chen Liqiang, especially, for his help in collecting Chinese source materials for me over the years. This book is dedicated to my wife, Chen Zhihong, whose love makes my life more meaningful. x acknowledgments

INTRODUCTION The last decade of the twentieth century witnessed sensational developments in the study of the international history of the Cold War-one of the century's most important events.With the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War,for the first time scholars have been able to study the entire duration of the Cold War from the post-Cold War vantage point.In the meantime,new opportunities to access previously unavailable documents, especially from the Cold War's"other side,"have allowed scholars to develop new theses and perspectives supported by multiarchival/multisource research. As a result,a"new"Cold War history-to borrow a term from historian John Lewis Gaddis-came into being. The study of China's Cold War history has made significant progress since the late 1&os.There was a time when China scholars in the West had to travel to Hong Kong or Taiwan,relying upon contemporary newspapers and West- ern intelligence information,to study Beijing's policies.Since the mid-198os, the flowering of the "reform and opening"era in China has resulted in a more flexible political and academic environment compared with Mao's times,lead- ing to a relaxation of the extremely rigid criteria for releasing party docu- ments.Consequently,a large quantity of fresh and meaningful historical ma- terials,including party documents,former leaders'works and memoirs,and oral histories,have been made available to Cold War historians.To be sure, with a Communist regime remaining in Beijing(no matter how quasi it actu- ally is today),China still has a long way to go before"free academic inquiry" becomes a reality,but the contribution of China's documentary opening to the study of the Chinese Cold War experience cannot be underestimated.2 Since the early Iggos,I have traveled to China more than a dozen times to do research,conduct interviews,and attend scholarly conferences.This vol- ume is the product of these trips.In writing this book,I have been directed by two primary purposes.The first is to make new inquiries about China's Cold War experience using the new documentation.Indeed,this is an everlasting process.If readers compare the five previously published chapters in this vol- ume with their earlier versions,they will find that all have been substantially revised with the support of insights gained from documentation now avail- able.While each chapter in this volume represents an independent case study

introduction The last decade of the twentieth century witnessed sensational developments in the study of the international history of the Cold War—one of the century’s most important events. With the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, for the first time scholars have been able to study the entire duration of the Cold War from the post–Cold War vantage point. In the meantime, new opportunities to access previously unavailable documents, especially from the Cold War’s ‘‘other side,’’ have allowed scholars to develop new theses and perspectives supported by multiarchival/multisource research. As a result, a ‘‘new’’ Cold War history—to borrow a term from historian John Lewis Gaddis—came into being.1 The study of China’s Cold War history has made significant progress since the late 1980s. There was a time when China scholars in theWest had to travel to Hong Kong or Taiwan, relying upon contemporary newspapers and Western intelligence information, to study Beijing’s policies. Since the mid-1980s, the flowering of the ‘‘reform and opening’’ era in China has resulted in a more flexible political and academic environment compared with Mao’s times, leading to a relaxation of the extremely rigid criteria for releasing party documents. Consequently, a large quantity of fresh and meaningful historical materials, including party documents, former leaders’ works and memoirs, and oral histories, have been made available to Cold War historians. To be sure, with a Communist regime remaining in Beijing (no matter how quasi it actually is today), China still has a long way to go before ‘‘free academic inquiry’’ becomes a reality, but the contribution of China’s documentary opening to the study of the Chinese Cold War experience cannot be underestimated.2 Since the early 1990s, I have traveled to China more than a dozen times to do research, conduct interviews, and attend scholarly conferences. This volume is the product of these trips. In writing this book, I have been directed by two primary purposes. The first is to make new inquiries about China’s Cold War experience using the new documentation. Indeed, this is an everlasting process. If readers compare the five previously published chapters in this volume with their earlier versions, they will find that all have been substantially revised with the support of insights gained from documentation now available.While each chapter in this volume represents an independent case study