186 SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CHINA Winter'95 relatives.Any of the patriarch's relatives could beat him without being taken to court,but if the laborer fought back,he could be summoned before the law,and would be punished more severely than if the fight had taken place between ordinary people.Penalties were determined by the closeness of the family rela- tionship between the one attacked and the patriarch.The author is correct when he states that,"The Qing hierarchy was part of a monarchial system modelled after the familial patriarchy."(p.265)This book should also be commended for these insights into the nature of the Qing hierarchy. Social Outcasts in the Oing Dynasty is a pioneering work which took ten years to produce.It is well reasoned and contains a wealth of historical information, which should make those scholars who adopt a simplistic approach feel uneasy. However,since outcasts are not only a historical but an international phenome- non,this book would have been improved by a comparative,cross-cultural and historical approach.A comparison between the hierarchical systems of different dynasties and outcasts in different periods could have been included.In the Qing dynasty,changes in the social status of outcasts occurred as a result of the overall socio-economical conditions and it would have been helpful if the author had devoted more attention to this point.For example,numerous records show that in the Ming dynasty many landlords in southeastern China used slave-servants in agricultural production.This was no longer true in the Qing dynasty,when slave-servants were mainly employed in domestic service. NOTES 1.Karl Marx,Capital,vol.III (Moscow:Foreign Languages Publishing House,1959),pp.773-74. 一Reviewed by Fang Xing Translated by Yang Guangjun from Zhongguo shehui kexue, 1994,no.2 Revised by Huang Jisu and Su Xuetao The Lost Opportunity? (失去的机会？) by Yang Kuisong(杨奎松) Guangxi Shifan Daxue Chubanshe,1992 It is well-known that for about a decade before the Anti-Japanese War broke out,the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)fought 1994-2012 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.cn
!∀ ! ’ , ! ∀ , , , ! ! , “ ! !∀ , , 雌 肠 , ! ∀ #∃ %& ∋∃∀ , w h i e h s h o u l d m a k e t h o s e s e h o l a r s w h o a d o P t a s i m P l i s t i e a P P ro a e h fe e l u n e a s y . H o w e v e r , s i n e e o u t e a s t s a r e n o t o n l y a h i s t o r i e a l b u t a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l P h e n o m e - n o n , t h i s bo o k w o u l d h a v e b e e n i m P r o v e d b y a c o m P a r a t i v e , e r o s s 一u l tu ra l a n d h i sto r i e a l a P P ro a e h . A e o m P a r i so n b e tw e e n th e h i e ra re h i e a l sy ste m s o f d i fe re n t d y n a st i e s a n d o u tc a s ts i n d i fe re n t P e r i o d s c o u ld h a v e be e n i n e l u d e d . I n th e Q i n g d y n a s ty , e h a n g e s i n t h e s o e i a l s t a t u s o f o u t e a s t s oc e u r r e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h e o v e r a l l s oc i o 一 e c o n o m i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n h e l P fu l i f t h e a u t h o r h a d d e vo t e d m o r e a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s po i n t . F o r e x a m P l e , n u m e r o u s r e e o r d s s h o w t h a t i n t h e M i n g d y n a s t y m a n y l a n d l o r d s i n s o u t h e a s t e r n C h i n a u s e d s l a v e 一 s e r v a n t s i n a g r i e u l t u r a l P r o d u e t i o n . T h i s w a s n o l o n g e r t r u e i n t h e Q i n g d y n a s t y , w h e n s l a ve 一 s e r v a n t s w e r e m a i n l y e m P l o y e d i n d o m e s t i e s e r v i e e . 刀口2王污 K arlM arx , 〔初夕ita l, vo l . 111 (M os co w : L an gu a郎5 P u b出h i n g H ou se , 1 9 5 9 ) , P . 7 7 3 一 7 4 . 一天‘, 佗w ed by Fa n g X in g 乃口 ns la te d 妙 Y ang G uan gj un . 加m Zhongguo shehuikexue, 1 9 鱿 na Z 尺‘, iS6 d by H u a n g J i s u a n d S u X l e t a o T h e Lo s t O P P o rt u n i ty ? ( 《《 失 去 的机会 ? , , ) b y Y a n g K u i s o n g ( 杨奎松 ) G uangxi Shifa n D axue C hub anshe , 1 9 9 2 I t 1 5 w e l l · k n o w n t h a t fo r a bo u t a d e e a d e be fo r e t h e A n t i 一 J a P a n o u t , t h e K u o m i n t a n g ( K M T ) a n d t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a e s e W a r b fo k e ( C PC ) fo u g h t
BOOK REVIEW 187 bloody battles;after the war,the two parties continued to resort to arms in a life-and-death struggle;even in the period of "the second cooperation,"there were still profound contradictions and constant conflicts between the two sides.It might be asked why the KMT and the CPC would engage in this second cooperation?There is only one answer;for the sake of war against Japan.But how could the two parties start the cooperation,dissolve the accumulated con- flicts and frictions and maintain peace and cooperation?The only way was to hold high-level talks and negotiations on concrete matters.Thus,in the period of the second cooperation between the KMT and the CPC,without these negotiations between the two parties,the cooperation would have not existed or been main- tained.However,for various reasons,most of the important historical facts about the negotiations between the KMT and CPC have not been revealed or studied. The Lost Opportunity?-A Record of the Negotiations Between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party before and after the Anti-Japanese War by Yang Kuisong presents a systematic record of the second cooperation between the KMT and the CPC from 1936 to 1946.As the first academic work on the high-level negotiations that took place between the two parties over a period of eleven years, this book gives a detailed introduction to the preparations and break-down of the cooperation. The nine major negotiations between the KMT and CPC are covered in nine separate chapters,while in the last chapter there is a systematic exposition of the last negotiations between the two parties which took place two years after their relationship broke down after the Chongqing Negotiations in 1944 and the CPC had achieved military superiority in the war.Apart from some sections of the Chongqing Negotiations,some documents related to the negotiations conducted between April and September 1944,and some basic processes of the negotiations coordinated by P.J.Huriley and Marshall,the negotiations were secret and scarcely known of by the public.For this reason,the publication of The Lost Opportunity?is significant. The outstanding features of this book are its exploration of a great deal of little-known first-hand material,and its comprehensive,clear and accurate expo- sition of the reality of all the major negotiations between the KMT and the CPC. For example,the secret contacts and negotiations between the two parties that took place in 1936 have attracted much attention from academic circles,and since the 1980s there have been numerous essays on such contacts and negotiations. However,people in general lacked a complete understanding of the historical process.Using a great deal of first-hand material,the author presents a detailed introduction to the whole process of the negotiations,important details concern- ing the secret contacts between the KMT and the CPC,and corrects errors that have occurred in previous studies of the subject.Important historical documents referred to in the book include:"A Summary of the Negotiation Between Pan Hannian and Deng Wenyi on 3 January 1936"--one of the earliest summaries of the negotiation between the two parties in Moscow;a report on talks with the Nanjing Government by Zhou Xiaozhou,the representative of the North China Bureau of the CPC,to the CPC Central Committee on 29 August 1936;reports on liaisons and negotiations by Zhang Zihua and Pan Hannian,both being liaison 1994-2012 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.All rights reserved. http://www.cnl
认 r 1 8 7 b l o o d y b a tt l e s : a ft e r t h e w a r , t h e t w o P a r t i e s e o n t i n u e d t o r e s o r t t o a r m s i n a l i fe 一 a n d 一 d e a t h s t r u g g l e ; e v e n i n t h e P e r i o d o f “ t h e s e e o n d e o o P e r a t i o n , , , t h e r e w e r e s t i l l P r o fo u n d e o n t r a d i e t i o n s a n d e o n s t a n t e o n fl i e t s b e t w e e n t h e t w o s i d e s . I t m i g h t b e a s k e d w h y t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C w o u l d e n g a g e i n t h i s s e e o n d c o o P e r a t i o n ? T h e r e 1 5 o n l y o n e a n s w e r : fo r t h e s a k e o f w a r a g a i n s t J a P a n . B u t h o w c o u l d t h e t w o P a r t i e s s t a r t t h e c o o P e r a t i o n , d i s s o l v e t h e a e e u m u l a t e d c o n - fl i e t s a n d fr i e t i o n s a n d m a i n t a i n P e a e e a n d e o o P e r a t i o n ? T h e o n l y w a y w a s t o h o l d h i g h 一 l e v e l t a l k s a n d n e g o t i a t i o n s o n e o n c r e t e m a t t e r s . T h u s , i n t h e P e r i o d o f t h e s e c o n d e o o P e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C , w i t h o u t t h e s e n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o P a r t i e s , t h e e o o P e r a t i o n w o u l d h a v e n o t e x i s t e d o r b e e n m a i n - t a i n e d . H o w e v e r , fo r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s , m o s t o f t h e i m P o r t a n t h i s t o r i e a l fa e t s a b o u t t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d C P C h a v e n o t b e e n r e v e a l e d o r s t u d i e d . Th e L o s t OP I , o r t u n i ty Z一月 R e eo rd of th e N 馆otiations Be t we en zh e K 翻om in ta 雌 and rh e Ch ines e Co m m unis t Pa rty b叹fo re a n d 乓ft e r th e A n ti葫叩an es e 环/a r b y Y an g K u iso n g P resen ts a sy ste m ati c reeo rd o f th e se eo n d eo o Pe ra ti o n b et we en th e K M T an d th e C P C fr o m 19 3 6 to 194 6 . A s th e fi rst aead em ie w o rk o n th e h igh 一 l e v e l n e g o t i a t i o n s t h a t t o o k P l a c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o P a r t i e s o v e r a P e r i o d o f e l e v e n y e a r s , t h i s b o o k g i v e s a d e t a i l e d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e P r e P a r a t i o n s a n d b r e a k 一 d o w n o f t h e e o o P e r a t i o n . T h e n i n e m aj o r n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d C P C a r e e o v e r e d i n n i n e s e P a r a t e e h a p t e r s , w h i l e i n t h e l a s t e h a P t e r t h e r e 1 5 a s y s t e m a t i e e x P o s i t i o n o f t h e l a s t n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o P a r t i e s w h i e h t o o k P l a e e t w o y e a r s a ft e r t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i P b r o k e d o w n a ft e r t h e C h o n g q i n g N e g o t i a t i o n s i n 1 9 4 4 a n d t h e C P C h a d a e h i e v e d m i l i t a r y s u P e r i o r i t y i n t h e w a r . A P a r t fr o m s o m e s e c t i o n s o f t h e C h o n g q i n g N e g o t i a t i o n s , s o m e d o e u m e n t s r e l a t e d t o t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s e o n d u e t e d b e t w e e n A P r i l a n d S e P t e m b e r 1 9 4 4 , a n d s o m e b a s i c P r o c e s s e s o f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s e o o r d i n a t e d b y P . J . H u r i l e y a n d M a r s h a l l , t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s w e r e s e e r e t a n d s c a r e e l y k n o w n o f b y t h e P u b l i e . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e P u b l i e a t i o n o f Th e L o s t 你夕o r tu n ity ? 1 5 s ig n ifi e a n t . T h e o u ts ta n d i n g fe a tu re s o f th i s b o o k a r e it s e x P l o ra ti o n o f a g re a t d e a l o f little- k n o w n fi r st 一 h a n d m a t e r i a l , a n d i t s e o m P r e h e n s i v e , e l e a r a n d a e e u r a t e e x po - s i t i o n o f t h e r e a l i t y o f a l l t h e m aj o r n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C . F o r e x a m P l e , t h e s e e r e t e o n t a e t s a n d n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o P a r t i e s t h a t t o o k P l a e e i n 1 9 3 6 h a v e a t t r a e t e d m u c h a t t e n t i o n fr o m a e a d e m i e e i r e l e s , a n d s i n c e t h e 1 9 8 0 5 t h e r e h a v e b e e n n u m e r o u s e s s a y s o n s u e h e o n t a c t s a n d n e g o t i a t i o n s . H o w e v e r , P e o P l e i n g e n e r a l l a e k e d a e o m P l e t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e h i s t o r i e a l P r o e e s s . U s i n g a g r e a t d e a l o f fi r s t 一 h a n d m a t e r i a l , t h e a u t h o r P r e s e n t s a d e t a i l e d i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e w h o l e P r o c e s s o f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s , i m P o r t a n t d e t a i l s c o n c e r n - i n g t h e s e e r e t e o n t a e t s b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C , a n d e o r r e c t s e r r o r s t h a t h a v e o c e u r r e d i n P r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o f t h e s u bj e e t . I m P o r t a n t h i s t o r i e a l d o c u m e n t s r e fe r r e d t o i n t h e b o o k i n e l u d e : “ A S u m m a r y o f t h e N e g o t i a t i o n B e t w e e n P a n H a n n i a n a n d D e n g W e n y i o n 3 J a n u a r y 1 9 3 6 , ,一 one of th e earli est sum m ari es of the negotiatio n betw een the tw o Parti es i n M oseow ; a rePort on talk s w ith th e N a nj ing G overnm ent by Z ho u X iao zhou , t h e r e P r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e N o r t h C h i n a B u r e a u o f t h e C P C , t o t h e C P C C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e o n 2 9 A u g u s t 1 9 3 6 ; r e po r t s o n l i a i s o n s a n d n e g o t i a t i o n s b y Z h a n g Z i h u a a n d P a n H a n n i a n , b o t h b e i n g l i a i s o n
188 SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CHINA Winter'95 officers and representatives at the negotiations of the CPC Central Committee, for example,"Zhang Zihua's Report on the Negotiations with the KMT in Nanjing,"which took place on 18 October 1936,and "Xiao K's Report to Dongtian and Laibo"of I November 1936(Xiao K refers to Pan Hannian);letters from high-level KMT officials to the CPC leaders,including a letter from Tan Zhen,Deputy President of the Judicial Yuan of the Nanjing Government,to Lin Boqu on 9 February 1936,and Lin's reply to Tan on 15 March;letters from the KMT representatives at the negotiations,Zeng Yangpu and Chen Xiaocen,to the CPC leader Zhou Enlai and others-"Chen Xiaocen's Letter to Zhou Enlai,Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai"of 14 May 1936,and Chen Xiaocen's letters to Xiang Yu of 15 May,19 July,6 August,and 8 October 1936;Zhou Enlai's reply to Chen Xiaocen of 15 May 1936 and so on.With these valuable historical documents and other materials,the author may possibly have unravelled this historical mystery. The work also raises new issues related to the secret contacts and negotiations between the KMT and the CPC that took place in 1936: 1.The question of the date of the negotiations between Deng Wenyi,a military attache in the Nanjing Government's embassy to the Soviet Union,and Wang Ming and Pan Hannian,the CPC's delegates to the Third International. Some believe that the negotiations were held at the end of 1935 and others that they took place in early March 1936.Yang Kuisong maintains that they were actually held between 13 and 23 January 1936.Some academics also hold that the negotiations resulted in Wang Ming's decision to reassign Pan Hannian to China, and that they promoted direct discussions between the KMT and the CPC.But the author believes that the negotiations "did not bear any fruit."Although,in May 1937,Pan was reassigned to Hong Kong,he did not participate directly in discussions between the two parties,but undertook to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek. 2.The question of the status of Pastor Dong Jianwu and his purpose in going to the soviet area in northern Shaanxi.Yang Kuisong maintains that,"He originally belonged to the special task force of the CPC,"and that when he went to northern Shaanxi he was neither "a committee member of the Ministry of Finance,"nor "the commissioner for the northwest economy,"but an investigator sent by the Ministry of Finance.In relation to statements that Pastor Dong was entrusted by Soong Ching Ling to take the so-called "Soong's secret letter"and"a package of important documents"to the soviet area in northern Shaanxi,the book notes that there were no important documents or secret letter but a pack of Yunnan Baiyao (pulvis medicinalis albus,used to treat hemorrhage,wounds and bruises),and the call signs for Soong's transceiver. 3.The key question of the number of times the KMT made stipulations about the conditions,timing and content of the 1936 negotiations.Academics generally believe that the KMT only raised the question of the conditions for the negotia- tions three times,in May,mid October,and in November.The author,however, disagrees with this opinion.During the whole of 1936,even if the negotiations between Deng Wenyi and Wang Ming are excluded because of the difficulty in defining them at present,the KMT raised the question of the conditions for the negotiations at least six times:Chen Xiaocen raised the question in January (p. 7);followed on 27 February by Pastor Dong Jianwu during his tour of northern C1994-2012 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.All rights reserved. http://www.cn
’ 9 5 o fi e e r s a n d r e P r e s e n t a t i v e s a t t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s o f t h e C P C C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e , fo r e x a m P l e , “ Z h a n g Z i h u a , 5 R e P o r t o n t h e N e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h t h e K M T i n N a nj i n g , , , w h i e h t o o k P l a e e o n 1 8 O e t o b e r 1 9 3 6 , a n d “ X i a o K , 5 R e P o r t t o D o n g t i a n a n d L a i b o , , o f 1 N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 6 ( X i a o K r e fe r s t o P a n H a n n i a n ) : l e t t e r s f r o m h i g h 一 l e v e l K M T o fi c i a l s t o t h e C P C l e a d e r s , i n e l u d i n g a l e t t e r fr o m Ta n Z h e n , D e P u t y P r e s i d e n t o f t h e J u d i e i a l Y u a n o f t h e N a nj i n g G o v e r n m e n t , t o L i n B o q u o n 9 F e b r u a r y 1 9 3 6 , a n d L i n , 5 r e P l y t o Ta n o n 1 5 M a r e h : l e t t e r s f r o m t h e K M T r e P r e s e n t a t i v e s a t t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s , Z e n g Y a n g P u a n d C h e n X i a o e e n , t o t h e C P C l e a d e r Z h o u E n l a i a n d o t h e r s 一 “ C h e n X i a o e e n , 5 L e t t e r t o Z h o u E n l a i , M a o Z e d o n g a n d P e n g D e h u a i , , o f 1 4 M a y 1 9 3 6 , a n d C h e n X i a o e e n , 5 I e t t e r s t o X i a n g Y u o f 1 5 M a y , 1 9 J u l y , 6 A u g u s t , a n d 8 O e t o b e r 1 9 3 6 : Z h o u E n l a i ’ 5 r e P l y t o C h e n X i a o e e n o f 1 5 M a y 1 9 3 6 a n d 5 0 o n . W i t h t h e s e v a l u a b l e h i s t o r i e a l d o e u m e n t s a n d o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , t h e a u t h o r m a y P o s s i b l y h a v e u n r a v e l l e d t h i s h i s t o r i e a l m y s t e r y . T h e w o r k a l s o r a i s e s n e w i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o t h e s e e r e t c o n t a e t s a n d n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C t h a t t o o k P l a e e i n 1 9 3 6 : 1 . T h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e d 成e o f th e n ego tiatio n s b etw een D en g W en yi , a m i l i t a r y a t t a e h e i n t h e N a nj i n g G o v e r n m e n t , 5 e m b a s s y t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , a n d W a n g M i n g a n d P a n H a n n i a n , t h e C P C , 5 d e l e g a t e s t o t h e T h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l . S o m e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s w e r e h e l d a t t h e e n d o f 1 9 3 5 a n d o t h e r s t h a t t h e y t o o k P l a e e i n e a r ] y M a r e h 1 9 3 6 . Y a n g K u i s o n g m a i n t a i n s t h a t t h e y w e r e a e t u a l l y h e l d b e t w e e n 1 3 a n d 2 3 J a n u a r y 1 9 3 6 . S o m e a e a d e m i e s a l s o h o l d t h a t t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s r e s u l t e d i n W a n g M i n g , 5 d e e i s i o n t o r e a s s i g n P a n H a n n i a n t o C h i n a , a n d t h a t t h e y P r o m o t e d d i r e e t d i s e u s s i o n s b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C . B u t t h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s “ d i d n o t b e a r a n y fr u i t .” A l t h o u g h , i n M a y 1 9 3 7 , P a n w a s r e a s s i g n e d t o H o n g K o n g , h e d i d n o t P a r t i c i P a t e d i r e e t l y i n d i s e u s s i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o P a r t i e s , b u t u n d e r t o o k t o o v e r t h r o w C h i a l l g K a i 一 s h e k . 2 . T h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e s t a t u s o f P a s t o r D o n g J i a n w u a n d h i s p u r P o s e i n g o i n g t o t h e s o v i e t a r e a i n n o r t h e r n S h a a n x i . Y a n g K u i s o n g m a i n t a i n s t h a t , “ H e o r i g i n a l l y b e l o n g e d t o t h e s P e e i a l t a s k fo r e e o f t h e C P C , , , a n d t h a t w l l e n h e w e n t t o n o r t h e r n S h a a n x i h e w a s n e i t h e r “a e o m m i t t e e m e m b e r o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f F i n a n e e , , , n o r “ t h e e o m m i s s i o n e r fo r t h e n o r t h w e s t e c o n o m y , , , b u t a n i n v e s t i g a t o r s e n t b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f F i n a n c e . I n r e l a t i o n t o s t a t e m e n t s t h a t P a s t o r D o n g w a s e n t r u s t e d b y S o o n g C h i n g L i n g t o t a k e t h e 5 0 一 e a l l e d “ S o o n g ’ 5 s e e r e t l e t t e r , , a n d “a P a e k a g e o f i m P o r t a n t d o e u m e n t s , , t o t h e s o v i e t a r e a i n n o r t h e r n S h a a n x i , t h e b o o k n o t e s t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o i m P o r t a n t d o c u m e n t s o r s e e r e t l e t t e r b u t a P a c k o f Y u n n a n B a i y a o 伽ulv is m edi cin a l’s alb us , u s e d t o t r e a t h e m o r r h a g e , w o u n d s a n d b r u i s e s ) , a n d t h e e a l l s i g n s fo r S o o n g , 5 t r a n s e e i v e r . 3 . T h e k e y q u e s t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s t h e K M T m a d e s t i P u l a t i o n s a b o u t t h e e o n d i t i o n s , t i m i n g a n d e o n t e n t o f t h e 1 9 3 6 n e g o t i a t i o n s . A c a d e m i e s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e t h a t t h e K M T o n l y r a i s e d t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e e o n d i t i o n s fo r t h e n e g o t i a - t i o n s t h r e e t i m e s , i n M a y , m i d O e t o b e r , a n d i n N o v e m b e r . T h e a u t h o r , h o w e v e r , d i s a g r e e s w i t h t h i s o P i n i o n . D u r i n g t h e w h o l e o f 1 9 3 6 , e v e n i f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n D e n g W e n y i a n d W a n g M i n g a r e e x c l u d e d b e c a u s e o f t h e d i fi e u l t y i n d e f i n i n g t h e m a t P r e s e n t , t h e K M T r a i s e d t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e e o n d i t i o n s fo r t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s a t l e a s t s i x t i m e s : C h e n X i a o e e n r a i s e d t h e q u e s t i o n i n J a n u a r y ( P . 7 ) ; fo l l o w e d o n 2 7 F e b r u a r y b y P a s t o r D o n g J i a n w u d u r i n g h i s t o u r o f n o r t h e r n
BOOK REVIEW 189 Shaanxi (p.9);Zeng Yangpu and Chen Xiaocen discussed the conditions when they talked with Zhou Xiaozhou and Lu Zhenyu on 15 May (p.12);at the end of June or beginning of July,Chen Xiaocen formulated the conditions on the basis of his talks with representatives of the North China Bureau of the CPC,and they were later revised by Chen Lifu(Ch'en Li-fu)(pp.16-18);Zeng Yangpu stated the conditions to Zhang Zihua in Guangzhou on 27 September(pp.20 and 25);finally,the question of the conditions was raised again by the KMT on 10 and 19 November when Chen Lifu met Pan Hannian(pp.24-25). In addition,the book also provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the timing of the secret talks between the CPC North China Bureau and the Nanjing Government and those who took part,the timing and frequency of Zhang Zihua's movements between the KMT and the CPC in relation to the negotiations,the date when Pan Hannian was officially authorized to negotiate with the KMT,and the date when the CPC raised the question of the conditions for negotiation,and the content and process of the negotiations. Similar secrecy surrounded the 1937 negotiations between the two parties, and apart from three or four concrete plans for negotiation,little was generally known.However,in this book Yang Kuisong reproduces or cites thirty-six documents concerning formal plans,conditions for negotiations,and agreements. Although it was known that the CPC's chief delegate,Zhou Enlai,visited Xi'an, Hangzhou and Mount Lu,little was known about the specific dates,process or content of the negotiations.Even in the Biography of Zhou Enlai and the Chronicle of Zhou Enlai's Life published by the Party Literature Research Department of the CPC Central Committee,there is little information on the negotiations.In The Lost Opportunity however,there is an almost day by day account of the negotiations. This work also provides a detailed and objective description of the various set-backs,disputes,and compromises that took place during the negotiations, focussing in particular on the attitudes and reactions of the KMT delegates.In discussing the question of the timing of Zhou Enlai's talks with KMT represent- atives,the author gives more specific or different from those in The Biography of Zhou Enlai and The Chronicle of Zhou Enlai's Life.For example,in relation to the timing of the Xi'an negotiations,the Biography of Zhou Enlai states that,"On 9 February when Gu Zhutong arrived at Xi'an.Zhou Enlai began talks with him," but fails to mention when the talks ended.Yang Kuisong,on the other hand, believes that on 10 and I1 February,it was Zhang Chong who first had talks with Zhou Enlai,and that "Zhou Enlai and Gu Zhutong held formal negotiations"on 12 February.Yang also states that the negotiations ended on 16 March when Zhou left Xi'an for Yan'an.On the question of the beginning and end of the Hangzhou negotiations,The Biography of Zhou Enlai states only that "In late March,Zhou Enlai flew to Hangzhou and had direct talks with Chiang Kai-shek." Yang Kuisong states that Zhou Enlai actually arrived in Shanghai on 22 March and began talks with Chiang Kai-shek on 26 March.A lack of relevant materials makes it impossible at present to determine which account is correct.However, the serious approach adopted by the author of The Lost Opportunity?is to be commended. 1994-2012 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.All rights reserved. http://www.cn
执o u an d L u Z h en y u o n 15 M a y (P . 12 ) : at th e en d o f Ju n e o r beg in n in g o f Ju ly , C h e n X i a o e e n fo r m u l a t e d t h e e o n d i t i o n s o n t h e b a s i s o f h i s t a l k s w i t h r e P r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e N o r t h C h i n a B u r e a u o f t h e C P C , a n d t h e y w e r e l a t e r r e v i s e d b y C h e n L i f u ( C h , e n L i 一 fu ) ( p P . 1 6 一 1 8 ) : Z e n g Y a n g P u s t a t e d t h e c o n d i t i o n s t o Z h a n g Z i h u a i n G u a n g z h o u o n 2 7 S e P t e m b e r ( P P . 2 0 a n d 2 5 ) : fi n a l l y , t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e e o n d i t i o n s w a s r a i s e d a g a i n b y t h e K M T o n 1 0 a n d 1 9 N o v e m b e r w h e n C h e n L i f u m e t P a n H a n n i a n ( P P . 2 4 一 2 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e b o o k a l s o P r o v i d e s a d e t a i l e d a n d c o m P r e h e n s i v e a e e o u n t o f t h e t i m i n g o f t h e s e e r e t t a l k s b e t w e e n t h e C P C N o r t h C h i n a B u r e a u a n d t h e N a nj i n g G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h o s e w h o t o o k P a r t , t h e t i m i n g a n d f r e q u e n e y o f Z h a n g Z i h u a , 5 m o v e m e n t s b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s , t h e d a t e w h e n P a n H a n n i a n w a s o fi c i a l l y a u t h o r i z e d t o n e g o t i a t e w i t h t h e K M T , a n d t h e d a t e w h e n t h e C P C r a i s e d t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e e o n d i t i o n s fo r n e g o t i a t i o n , a n d t h e e o n t e n t a n d P r o e e s s o f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s . S i m i l a r s e c r e e y s u r r o u n d e d t h e 1 9 3 7 n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o P a r t i e s , a n d a P a r t f r o m t h r e e o r fo u r e o n e r e t e P l a n s fo r n e g o t i a t i o n , l i t t l e w a s g e n e r a l l y k n o w n . H o w e v e r , i n t h i s 如 ok Y ang K ui song reproduces or cites thi rty 一 s i x d o e u m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g fo r m a l P l a n s , e o n d i t i o n s fo r n e g o t i a t i o n s , a n d a g r e e m e n t s . A l t h o u g h i t w a s k n o w n t h a t t h e C P C , 5 e h i e f d e l e g a t e , Z h o u E n l a i , v i s i t e d X i , a n , H a n g z h o u a n d M o u n t L u , l i t t l e w a s k n o w n a b o u t t h e s P e c i f i c d a t e s , P r o c e s s o r e o n t e n t o f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s . E v e n i n t h e B I Og r 口P h.v of Zh o u En la i a n d t h e Ch r o n i e le of Zh o u 勘la i,S L lfe p u b l i sh e d b y t h e P a rt y L i t e r a t u r e R e s e a r e h D e p a r tm e n t o f t h e C P C C e n t r a l C o m m it te e , t h e r e 1 5 l i t t l e i n fo r m a t i o n o n t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s . I n Th e L o s t OP P o r t u n i ty h o w e v e r , t h e r e 1 5 a n a l m o s t d a y b y d a y a e c o u n t o f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s . T h i s w o r k a l s o P r o v i d e s a d e t a i l e d a n d o bj e e t i v e d e s e r i P t i o n o f t h e v a r i o u s s e t 一 b a e k s , d i s P u t e s , a n d e o m P r o m i s e s t h a t t o o k P l a e e d u r i n g t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s , fo e u s s i n g i n P a r t i c u l a r o n t h e a t t i t u d e s a n d r e a e t i o n s o f t h e K M T d e l e g a t e s . I n d i s e u s s i n g t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e t i m i n g o f Z h o u E n l a i , 5 t a l k s w i t h K M T r e P r e s e n t - a t i v e s , t h e a u t h o r g i v e s m o r e s P e e i fi e o r d i fe r e n t f r o m t h o s e i n Th e B I Q g r 口p hy of Zh o u En la i a n d Th e Ch ro n i c le of Zh o u En la i 污L ife . F o r exa m P l e , i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e t i m i n g o f t h e X i , a n n e g o t i a t i o n s , t h e B i o g r a P 彻 of Zh ou En la l states th at , “ O n g F e b r u a r y w h e n G u Z h u t o n g a r r i v e d a t X i , a n , Z h o u E n l a i b e g a n t a l k s w i t h h i m , , , b u t fa i l s t o m e n t i o n w h e n t h e t a l k s e n d e d . Y a n g K u i s o n g , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b e l i e v e s t h a t o n 1 0 a n d 1 1 F e b r u a r y , i t w a s Z h a n g C h o n g w h o fi r s t h a d t a l k s w i t h Z h o u E n l a i , a n d t h a t “ Z h o u E n l a i a n d G u Z h u t o n g h e l d fo r m a l n e g o t i a t i o n s ” o n 1 2 F e b r u a r y . Y a n g a l s o s t a t e s t h a t t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s e n d e d o n 1 6 M a r e h w h e n Z h o u l e ft X i ’ a n fo r Y a n , a n . O n t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d e n d o f t h e H a n g z h o u n e g o t i a t i o n s , Th e B I O g r 即hy of Z 人ou En la i states o n ly th at “ I n l a t e M a r e h , Z h o u E n l a i fl e w t o H a n g z h o u a n d h a d d i r e e t t a l k s w i t h C h i a n g K a i 一 s h e k . , ’ Y a n g K u i s o n g s t a t e s t h a t Z h o u E n l a i a e t u a l l y a r r i v e d i n S h a n g h a i o n 2 2 M a r e h a n d b e g a n t a l k s w i t h C h i a n g K a i 一 s h e k o n 2 6 M a r e h . A l a e k o f r e l e v a n t m a t e r i a l s m a k e s i t i m P o s s i b l e a t P r e s e n t t o d e t e r m i n e w h i e h a e c o u n t 1 5 c o r r e c t . H o w e v e r , t h e s e r i o u s a P P r o a e h a d o P t e d b y t h e a u t h o r o f Th e L os t OP P o r t u n i ty 夕 1 5 to b e Co m m en d ed
190 SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CHINA Winter'95 The author has also adopted an innovative approach in his descriptions of the well-known negotiations between the two parties,including the two negotiat- ing sessions held between the spring and autumn of 1944,and from the autumn of 1944 to the spring of 1945,the Chongqing negotiations conducted in the autumn of 1945,and the peace talks between the KMT and the CPC in 1946.For example,past studies of the Chongqing negotiations have tended to focus on the "October 10th Agreement"and the "Summary of Conversations"published by the KMT and the CPC.Such studies were thus limited to the period from 27 August to 10 October 1945.This book extends our field of vision by beginning discussion of the negotiations with the little-known fact that,between June and July,seven counsellors went to Yan'an of their own accord to talk with the CPC Central Committee in an attempt to improve the tense relations that existed between the KMT and the CPC,and ending with the repeated negotiations that took place between the two parties after Mao Zedong left Chongqing.This study will undoubtedly prove extremely helpful in understanding of the causes and effects of the Chongqing negotiations. The other distinguishing feature of this book is the author's objective and authentic descriptions of historical events and their.causes.He ignores precon- ceived ideas and sticks strictly to the context of his original materials.No attempt is made to cover up or negate information,or to lay particular emphasis on certain material.This work should thus acquire credibility among its readers.The text is straightforward,for example,it states that in 1936 when Chiang Kai-shek sought talks with the communists,a process did in fact exist for the CPC Central Committee to change its attitude toward seeking unity with Chiang.The author also mentions that the CPC once believed it could transform the KMT,and that Chiang Kai-shek once had the idea of dissolving the CPC by political means.The book makes clear that although the communists were successful,their negotia- tions did not always run as smoothly as some people imagined.In many cases, the negotiations achieved no results,and sometimes the communists were passive and in an unfavorable position. The shortcomings of the book are evident in its lack of references to literary sources,and in some chapters citations and interpretations need to be added. Although it includes new historical material,more space should also have been allocated to important letters and telegraphs made accessible to the reading public for the first time. -Translated by Li Huailin from Lishi yanjiu,1994,no.3 Reviewed by Jiang Chun and Hou Yangxiang Revised by Xie Zhenging and Su Xuetao C1994-2012 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.cn
’ 9 5 T h e a u t h o r h a s a l s o a d o P t e d a n i x l n o v a t i v e a P P r o a e h i n h i s d e s c r i P t i o n s o f t h e w e l l 一 k n o w n n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o P a r t i e s , i n e l u d i n g t h e t w o n e g o t i a t - i n g s e s s i o n s h e l d b e t w e e n t h e s P r i n g a n d a u t u m n o f 1 9 4 4 , a n d fr o m t h e a u t u m n o f 1 9 4 4 t o t h e s P r i n g o f 1 9 4 5 , t h e C h o n g q i n g n e g o t i a t i o n s e o n d u e t e d i n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 9 4 5 , a n d t h e P e a e e t a l k s b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C i n 1 9 4 6 . F o r e x a m P l e , P a s t s t u d i e s o f t h e C h o n g q i n g n e g o t i a t i o n s h a v e t e n d e d t o fo e u s o n t h e “ O e t o b e r 1 0 t h A g r e e m e n t , , a n d t h e “ S u m m a r y o f C o n v e r s a t i o n s , , P u b l i s h e d b y t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C . S u e h s t u d i e s w e r e t h u s l l m i t e d t o t h e P e r i o d fr o m 2 7 A u g u s t t o 1 0 O e t o b e r 1 9 4 5 . T h i s b o o k e x t e n d s o u r f i e l d o f v i s i o n b y b e g i n n i n g d i s e u s s i o n o f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h t h e l i t t l e 一 k n o w n fa e t t h a t , b e t w e e n J u n e a n d J u l y , s e v e n e o u n s e l l o r s w e n t t o Y a n , a n o f t h e i r o w n a e c o r d t o t a l k w i t h t h e C P C C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e i n a n a t t e m P t t o i m P r o v e t h e t e n s e r e l a t i o n s t h a t e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e K M T a n d t h e C P C , a n d e n d i n g w i t h t h e r e P e a t e d n e g o t i a t i o n s t h a t t o o k P l a e e b e t w e e n t h e t w o P a r t i e s a ft e r M a o Z e d o n g l e ft C h o n g q i n g . T h i s s t u d y w i l l u n d o u b t e d l y P r o v e e x t r e m e l y h e l P f u l i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e e a u s e s a n d e f fe e t s o f t h e C h o n g q i n g n e g o t i a t i o n s . T h e o t h e r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g fe a t u r e o f t h i s b o o k 1 5 t h e a u t h o r , 5 o bj e c t i ve a n d a u t h e n t i e d e s e r i P t i o n s o f h i s t o r i e a l e v e n t s a n d t h e i r e a u s e s . H e i g n o r e s P r e c o n - e e i v e d i d e a s a n d s t i e k s s t r i e t l y t o t h e e o n t e x t o f h i s o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l s . N o a t t e m P t 1 5 m a d e t o c o v e r u P o r n e g a t e i n fo r m a t i o n , o r t o l a y P a r t i e u l a r e m P h a s i s o n e e r t a i n m a t e r i a l . T h i s w o r k s h o u l d t h u s a e q u i r e c r e d i b i l i t y a m o n g i t s r e a d e r s . T h e t e x t 1 5 s t r a i g h t fo r w a r d , fo r e x a m P l e , i t s t a t e s t h a t i n 1 9 3 6 w h e n C h i a n g K a i 一 s h e k s o u g h t t a l k s w i t h t h e e o m m u n i s t s , a P r o e e s s d i d i n fa e t e x i s t fo r t h e C P C C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e t o e h a n g e i t s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s e e k i n g u n i t y w i t h C h i a n g . T h e a u t h o r a l s o m e n t i o n s t h a t t h e C P C o n e e b e l i e v e d i t e o u l d t r a n s fo r m t h e K M T , a n d t h a t C h i a n g K a i 一 s h e k o n e e h a d t h e i d e a o f d i s s o l v i l l g t h e C P C b y P o l i t i c a l m e a n s . T h e b o o k m a k e s e l e a r t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e e o m m u n i s t s w e r e s u e e e s s fu l , t h e i r n e g o t i a - t i o n s d i d n o t a l w a y s r u l l a s s m o o t h l y a s s o m e P e o P l e i m a g i n e d . I n m a n y e a s e s , t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s a e h i e v e d n o r e s 板lts , a n d s o m e t i m e s t h e e o m m u n i s t s w e r e p a s s i v e a n d i n a n u n fa v o r a b l e P o s i t i o n . T h e s h o r t e o m i n g s o f t h e b o o k a r e e v i d e n t i n i t s l a e k o f r e fe r e n e e s t o l i t e r a r y s o u r e e s , a n d i n s o m e c h a P t e r s e i t a t i o n s a l l d i n t e r P r e t a t i o n s n e e d t o b e a d d e d . A l t h o u g h i t i n e l u d e s n e w h i s t o r i e a l m a t e r i a l , m o r e s P a e e s h o u l d a l s o h a v e b e e n a l l o e a t e d t o i m P o r t a n t l e t t e r s a n d t e l e g r a P h s m a d e a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e r e a d i n g P u b l i c fo r t h e fi r s t t i m e . 一 Tr ansla ted 妙 L i H uailin fro m L ishi ya lj j u , I 夕夕4 , n o . 了 R eview ed by Ji an g C h u n a nd H o u Y a ng x ia n g R evI’S e d 勿 , X i e Z h e n q i n g a n d S u X l C t a O
