XVIll Table of Contents Imaging Analysis of Pulmonary Pathophysiology... The brain Cerebral Hemispheres. Cerebral White Matter Basal nuclei Brainstem Cerebral vascular Anatomy. Breast Anatomy and Imaging Breast Imaging Breast Cancer and other Findings Musculoskeletal System Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System Cardiac System Basic Cardiac and Vascular Imaging 66176789 Basic Imaging of the Urinary System.. Urinary Medical Problems………. Upper Gastrointestinal (Gl) System 4 References 86 PART II INTEGRATING IMAGING INTO THE PATIENT RECORD CHAPTER 3: INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURES.......m.....93 The electronic medical record EMR Information Systems 94 Hospital Information Systems Picture Archive and Communication Systems... Data Standards for Communication and Representation DICOM(Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) The Dicom model 99 Health Level 7(HL7) 103 Messaging Protocol Reference Implementation Model(RIM) Clinical Document Architecture(CDA)... 105 Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes(LOINC) Distributed Information Systems Peer-to-peer Architectures First Generation P2P: Centralized Searching Second Generation P2P: Simple Decentralized Searching(Query Flooding Second Generation P2P: Distributed Hash Tables 112 Third Generation P2P P2P Healthcare Applications rid Computing 16 Globus toolkit 118xviii Table of Contents Imaging Analysis of Pulmonary Pathophysiology.......................................................... 56 The Brain ............................................................................................................. 58 Cerebral Hemispheres................................................................................................... 59 Cerebral White Matter.................................................................................................. 62 Basal Nuclei................................................................................................................... 62 Brainstem...................................................................................................................... 63 Meninges ...................................................................................................................... 63 Cerebral Vascular Anatomy........................................................................................... 64 Breast Anatomy and Imaging .............................................................................. 65 Breast Imaging .............................................................................................................. 66 Breast Cancer and other Findings ................................................................................. 69 Musculoskeletal System ...................................................................................... 71 Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System........................................................................ 72 Cardiac System .................................................................................................... 76 Cardiac Medical Problems............................................................................................. 77 Basic Cardiac and Vascular Imaging .............................................................................. 78 Urinary System .................................................................................................... 79 Basic Imaging of the Urinary System............................................................................. 80 Urinary Medical Problems ............................................................................................ 81 Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) System..................................................................... 84 References......................................................................................................... 86 PART II INTEGRATING IMAGING INTO THE PATIENT RECORD ...................................91 CHAPTER 3: INFORMATION SYSTEMS & ARCHITECTURES.........................................93 The Electronic Medical Record ........................................................................... 93 EMR Information Systems ................................................................................... 94 Hospital Information Systems....................................................................................... 95 Picture Archive and Communication Systems............................................................... 96 Data Standards for Communication and Representation.................................... 98 DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine)................................. 98 The DICOM Model ........................................................................................................ 99 DICOM Extensions....................................................................................................... 102 Health Level 7 (HL7)........................................................................................... 103 Messaging Protocol..................................................................................................... 103 Reference Implementation Model (RIM).................................................................... 104 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) ........................................................................ 105 Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) ................................ 107 Distributed Information Systems ..................................................................... 108 Peer-to-peer Architectures................................................................................ 108 First Generation P2P: Centralized Searching............................................................... 109 Second Generation P2P: Simple Decentralized Searching (Query Flooding) .............. 110 Second Generation P2P: Distributed Hash Tables ...................................................... 112 Third Generation P2P.................................................................................................. 113 P2P Healthcare Applications ....................................................................................... 115 Grid Computing ................................................................................................. 116 Globus Toolkit ............................................................................................................. 118 Condor ........................................................................................................................ 119