Table of Contents Grid Computing Healthcare Applications Cloud Computing: Beyond the Grid Discussion and Applications 122 Teleradiology, Telemedicine, and Telehealth 123 Integrating Medical Data Access Collaborative Clinical Research: Example Image Repositories 129 131 CHAPTER 4: MEDICAL DATA VISUALIZATION: TOWARD INTEGRATED CLINICAL WORKSTATIONS Navigating Clinical Data Elements of the display.... Visual Metaphors: Emphasizing Different Relationships 149 Multidimensional Relationships Causal Relationships Navigating Images Combining Information: Integrating the Medical Data... 161 Defining Context Defining the User… Defining the Task: Incorporating Workflow 164 Combining Graphical Metaphors Creating Integrated Displays…… 166 Interacting with Data 70 Imaging Workflow Workstation 174 Discussion and Applications 177 TimeLine: Problem-centric Visualization Data Reorganization. Visualization Dictionary.. Patient-centric visualization 8 PART III DOCUMENTING IMAGING FINDINGS CHAPTER 5: CHARACTERIZING IMAGING DATA 197 What is a pixel? Representing Space, Time, and energy 198 Mathematical Representations of Pixel Values. Physical Correspondence to the Real World 201 Compiling Scientific-quality Imaging Databases.. Improving Pixel Characterization. ∴203 Pre-acquisition: Standardizing Imaging Protocols Post-acquisition: Pixel Value Calibration and Mapping 204 Dealing with Image Noise Characterizing Noise ReducTable of Contents xix CHAPTER 4: MEDICAL DATA VISUALIZATION: TOWARD INTEGRATED CLINICAL Grid Computing Healthcare Applications.................................................................... 120 Cloud Computing: Beyond the Grid ............................................................................ 122 Discussion and Applications............................................................................. 122 Teleradiology, Telemedicine, and Telehealth.................................................... 123 Integrating Medical Data Access ....................................................................... 126 Collaborative Clinical Research: Example Image Repositories .......................... 129 References....................................................................................................... 131 WORKSTATIONS........................................................................................139 Navigating Clinical Data ................................................................................... 139 Elements of the Display..................................................................................... 140 Visual Metaphors: Emphasizing Different Relationships................................... 149 Temporal Representations.......................................................................................... 149 Spatial Representations .............................................................................................. 152 Multidimensional Relationships.................................................................................. 155 Causal Relationships ................................................................................................... 156 Navigating Images....................................................................................................... 157 Combining Information: Integrating the Medical Data ..................................... 161 Defining Context................................................................................................ 161 Defining the User ........................................................................................................ 162 Defining the Task: Incorporating Workflow ................................................................ 164 Combining Graphical Metaphors....................................................................... 166 Creating Integrated Displays....................................................................................... 166 Interacting with Data .................................................................................................. 170 Imaging Workflow & Workstations ................................................................... 174 Discussion and Applications............................................................................. 177 TimeLine: Problem-centric Visualization ........................................................... 178 Data Reorganization.................................................................................................... 179 Visualization Dictionary............................................................................................... 180 Patient-centric Visualization.............................................................................. 182 References....................................................................................................... 184 PART III DOCUMENTING IMAGING FINDINGS.....................................................195 CHAPTER 5: CHARACTERIZING IMAGING DATA....................................................197 What is a Pixel? ............................................................................................... 197 Representing Space, Time, and Energy ............................................................. 198 Mathematical Representations of Pixel Values........................................................... 199 Physical Correspondence to the Real World............................................................... 201 Compiling Scientific-quality Imaging Databases ............................................... 202 Improving Pixel Characterization....................................................................... 203 Pre-acquisition: Standardizing Imaging Protocols....................................................... 204 Post-acquisition: Pixel Value Calibration and Mapping............................................... 204 Dealing with Image Noise.................................................................................. 209 Characterizing Noise ................................................................................................... 210 Noise Reduction.......................................................................................................... 214