e rotations of the y subunit and the c subunits of the F, unit in three discrete steps of120(powered by atP hydrolysis catalyzed by the p subunits have been directly observed using fluorescence microscopy by Dr Kazuhiko Kinosita in 1997 ( Nature,386:299-302) e The estimation of H+ consumption for each atP formed is 4(among which one is consumed for P transport), thus about 2.5 ATP/NADH, 1.5 ATP/FADH e The chemiosmotic coupling allows nonintegral stoichiometries of O2 consumption(or NaDh and FADH, oxidation) and atP synthesis Rotations of the g subunit and the c subunits of the F1 unit in three discrete steps of 120o (powered by ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by the b subunits) have been directly observed using fluorescence microscopy by Dr. Kazuhiko Kinosita in 1997 (Nature, 386:299-302) .  The estimation of H+ consumption for each ATP formed is 4 (among which one is consumed for Pi transport), thus about 2.5 ATP/NADH, 1.5 ATP/FADH2 .  The chemiosmotic coupling allows nonintegral stoichiometries of O2 consumption (or NADH and FADH2 oxidation) and ATP synthesis