The binding-change model was proposed to explain the action mechanism of ATP synthase e The model was proposed by Paul boyer in 1973 (PNAS, 70: 2837-2839), based on kinetic and binding studies( before the 3-D structure of bovine f,or yeast FoFI was determined) e Downhill proton movement through Fo will drive the rotation of the c-subunit ring and the asymmetrical γ subunits, which will cause each of the threeβ subunits to interconvert between the three conformations as a result each of them take turns to take up adp+ pi synthesize atp, and release atP.The binding-change model was proposed to explain the action mechanism of ATP synthase  The model was proposed by Paul Boyer in 1973 (PNAS, 70:2837-2839), based on kinetic and binding studies (before the 3-D structure of bovine F1 or yeast FoF1 was determined).  Downhill proton movement through Fo will drive the rotation of the c-subunit ring and the asymmetrical g subunits, which will cause each of the three b subunits to interconvert between the three conformations, as a result, each of them take turns to take up ADP + Pi , synthesize ATP, and release ATP