上泽发通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY HALE UAV DESIGN and 1990s,interest in UAVs grew within the higher echelons of the U.S. military. In the 1990s,the U.S.Department of Defense gave a contract to AAI Corporation along with Israeli company Malat.The U.S.Navy bought the AAI Pioneer UAV that was jointly developed by AAI and Malat.Many of these Pioneer and newly developed U.S.UAVs were used in the 1991 Gulf War. UAVs were seen to offer the possibility of cheaper,more capable fighting machines that could be used without risk to aircrews.As of 2012,the United States Air Force employed 7,494 UAVs-almost 1 in 3 USAF aircraft.The CIA has also operated UAVs. In 2013 it was reported that UAVs were used by at least 50 countries,several of which made their own:for example,Iran,Israel and China. 1.1.2.Classification of UAV UAVs typically fall into one of six functional categories: Target and decoy-providing ground and aerial gunnery a target that simulates an enemy aircraft or missile ● Reconnaissance-providing battlefield intelligence Combat-providing attack capability for high-risk missions Logistics-UAVs specifically designed for cargo and logistics operation Research and development-used to further develop UAV technologies to be integrated into field deployed UAV aircraft Civil and Commercial UAVs-UAVs specifically designed for civil and commercial applications They can also be categorized in terms of range/altitude and the following has been advanced as relevant at such industry events as ParcAberporth Unmanned Systems forum: Hand-held 2,000 ft(600 m)altitude,about 2 km range Close 5,000 ft(1,500 m)altitude,up to 10 km range NATO type 10,000 ft(3,000 m)altitude,up to 50 km range ● Tactical 18,000 ft(5,500 m)altitude,about 160 km range MALE (medium altitude,long endurance)up to 30,000 ft(9,000 m)and range over 200 km HALE(high altitude,long endurance)over 30,000 ft(9,100 m)and indefinite range HYPERSONIC high-speed,supersonic(Mach 1-5)or hypersonic (Mach 5+)50,000 ft(15,200 m)or suborbital altitude,range over 200 km ORBITAL low earth orbit (Mach 25+) CIS Lunar Earth-Moon transfer CACGS Computer Assisted Carrier Guidance System for UAVs -7-HALE UAV DESIGN - 7 - and 1990s, interest in UAVs grew within the higher echelons of the U.S. military. In the 1990s, the U.S. Department of Defense gave a contract to AAI Corporation along with Israeli company Malat. The U.S. Navy bought the AAI Pioneer UAV that was jointly developed by AAI and Malat. Many of these Pioneer and newly developed U.S. UAVs were used in the 1991 Gulf War. UAVs were seen to offer the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting machines that could be used without risk to aircrews. As of 2012, the United States Air Force employed 7,494 UAVs - almost 1 in 3 USAF aircraft. The CIA has also operated UAVs. In 2013 it was reported that UAVs were used by at least 50 countries, several of which made their own: for example, Iran, Israel and China. 1.1.2.Classification of UAV UAVs typically fall into one of six functional categories:  Target and decoy – providing ground and aerial gunnery a target that simulates an enemy aircraft or missile  Reconnaissance – providing battlefield intelligence  Combat – providing attack capability for high-risk missions  Logistics – UAVs specifically designed for cargo and logistics operation  Research and development – used to further develop UAV technologies to be integrated into field deployed UAV aircraft  Civil and Commercial UAVs – UAVs specifically designed for civil and commercial applications They can also be categorized in terms of range/altitude and the following has been advanced as relevant at such industry events as ParcAberporth Unmanned Systems forum:  Hand-held 2,000 ft (600 m) altitude, about 2 km range  Close 5,000 ft (1,500 m) altitude, up to 10 km range  NATO type 10,000 ft (3,000 m) altitude, up to 50 km range  Tactical 18,000 ft (5,500 m) altitude, about 160 km range  MALE (medium altitude, long endurance) up to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) and range over 200 km  HALE (high altitude, long endurance) over 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and indefinite range  HYPERSONIC high-speed, supersonic (Mach 1–5) or hypersonic (Mach 5+) 50,000 ft (15,200 m) or suborbital altitude, range over 200 km  ORBITAL low earth orbit (Mach 25+)  CIS Lunar Earth-Moon transfer  CACGS Computer Assisted Carrier Guidance System for UAVs