神经机制又是怎样的呢?根据以往研究者的理论,式与脑功能成像技术相结合的方法进一步探究完全 存在2个可能的机制能够支持这种无意识多感觉整无意识多感觉信息整合的神经机制,从而有助于人 合.完全无意识多感觉整合可以通过不与整体工作们对意识与整合的关系有更为深入的了解 空间相连接的封闭神经元来完成,这种神经元存在 (5)基于现有研究发现,学者们基本肯定多感觉 于较低水平的大脑结构中,包括皮层下区域如上信息整合能够在各通道信息处于无意识的状态下发 丘4656.完全无意识多感觉整合也可以通过在刺激生,并且也有些研究试图进一步回答该过程中的时 呈现后很快发生的感觉皮层区域间的前馈连接间界限、加工水平以及机制解释等问题.对于这些问 (feed- -forward connections)来完成,这种快速的、早期题的解答可能与实验采用的不同刺激属性、任务设置 的整合自然能够在无意识的情况下发生阿.以往有以及通道属性等有关.未来的研究应通过操纵这些 关多感觉整合的行为研究和神经成像研究是2个相对因素对完全无意识条件的多感觉信息整合的时间界 独立的研究领域,未来的研究应采用心理物理学范限、加工水平以及机制解释等问题进行系统探索. 参考文献 I Gilbert A N, Martin R, Kemp S E Cross-modal correspondence between vision and olfaction: The color of smells. Am J Psychol, 1996. 109:335-351 2 Zmigrod S, Hommel B Temporal dynamics of unimodal and multimodal feature binding Atten Percept Psychophys, 2010, 72: 142-152 3 Vatakis A, Spence C. Crossmodal binding: Evaluating luating the"unity assumption"using audiovisual speech stimuli. Percept Psycho- phys,2007,69:744-756 4 Balduzzi D, Tononi G. Integrated information in discrete dynamical systems: motivation and theoretical framework. PLoS Comput Biol 2008,4:e1000091 5 Tononi G. Integrated information theory of consciousness: An updated account. Arch Ital Biol, 2012, 150: 56-90 6 Edelman G M, Tononi G. A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter becomes Imagination. New York: Basic Books, 2000 7 KimCY, Blake R Psychophysical magic: Rendering the visible"invisible " Trends Cogn Sci, 2005, 9: 381-388 8 Fahrenfort JJ, Lamme V A F A true science of consciousness explains phenomenology: Comment on Cohen and Dennett. Trends Cogn Sci,2012,16:138-139 9 Koch C. Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge: MIT Press. 2012 10 Treisman A Consciousness and Perceptual Binding. The Unity of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. 95-113 11 James w. The Principles of Psychology. London: Macmillan, 2012 12 Kant 1. The Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 3 Descartes R, Adam C, Tannery P Oeuvres de Descartes: Meditationes de Prima Philosophia. Paris: Librairie Philosophique, 1973 14 Dehaene S Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts. Old Saybrook: Tantor Media, 2014 15 Dehaene S, Changeux J P. Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron, 2011, 70: 200-227 16 Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Huber R, et al. Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. Science, 2005, 309: 2228-2232 17 Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Murphy M, et al. Cortical reactivity and effective connectivity during REM sleep in humans. Cogn Neurosci 2010,1:176-183 18 Ferrarelli F, Massimini M, Sarasso S, et al. Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010. 107: 2681-2686 19 Casali A G, Gosseries O, Rosanova M, et al. A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behav r Sci Transl Med. 2013. 5: 198ra 105 20 Tononi G. Consciousness: Philosophy. In: Squire L R, ed. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Consciousness and Emotion. 4th Ed. Oxford: Academic Press. 2009. 12. 117-123 21 Oizumi M, Albantakis L, Tononi G. From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0 PLoS Comput Biol. 2014, 10: e 1003588 22 Deroy O, Chen Y C, Spence C Multisensory constraints on awareness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2014, 369: 20130207 23 Marcel A J Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognit Psychol, 1983, 15 197-237 24 Breitmeyer B G. Visual masking: Past accomplishments, present status, future developments. Adv Cogn Psychol, 2008, 3: 9-20 DownloadedtoIp:159.226.113221On:2018-02-2114:15:29http:/engine.st o/10.1360N972015-006669 神经机制又是怎样的呢? 根据以往研究者的理论, 存在2个可能的机制能够支持这种无意识多感觉整 合. 完全无意识多感觉整合可以通过不与整体工作 空间相连接的封闭神经元来完成, 这种神经元存在 于较低水平的大脑结构中, 包括皮层下区域如上 丘[14,65,66]. 完全无意识多感觉整合也可以通过在刺激 呈现后很快发生的感觉皮层区域间的前馈连接 (feed-forward connections)来完成, 这种快速的、早期 的整合自然能够在无意识的情况下发生[67]. 以往有 关多感觉整合的行为研究和神经成像研究是2个相对 独立的研究领域, 未来的研究应采用心理物理学范 式与脑功能成像技术相结合的方法进一步探究完全 无意识多感觉信息整合的神经机制, 从而有助于人 们对意识与整合的关系有更为深入的了解. (5) 基于现有研究发现, 学者们基本肯定多感觉 信息整合能够在各通道信息处于无意识的状态下发 生, 并且也有些研究试图进一步回答该过程中的时 间界限、加工水平以及机制解释等问题. 对于这些问 题的解答可能与实验采用的不同刺激属性、任务设置 以及通道属性等有关. 未来的研究应通过操纵这些 因素对完全无意识条件的多感觉信息整合的时间界 限、加工水平以及机制解释等问题进行系统探索. 参考文献 1 Gilbert A N, Martin R, Kemp S E. Cross-modal correspondence between vision and olfaction: The color of smells. Am J Psychol, 1996, 109: 335–351 2 Zmigrod S, Hommel B. Temporal dynamics of unimodal and multimodal feature binding. Atten Percept Psychophys, 2010, 72: 142–152 3 Vatakis A, Spence C. Crossmodal binding: Evaluating luating the “unity assumption” using audiovisual speech stimuli. Percept Psycho￾phys, 2007, 69: 744–756 4 Balduzzi D, Tononi G. Integrated information in discrete dynamical systems: motivation and theoretical framework. PLoS Comput Biol, 2008, 4: e1000091 5 Tononi G. Integrated information theory of consciousness: An updated account. Arch Ital Biol, 2012, 150: 56–90 6 Edelman G M, Tononi G. A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter becomes Imagination. New York: Basic Books, 2000 7 Kim C Y, Blake R. Psychophysical magic: Rendering the visible “invisible.” Trends Cogn Sci, 2005, 9: 381–388 8 Fahrenfort J J, Lamme V A F. A true science of consciousness explains phenomenology: Comment on Cohen and Dennett. Trends Cogn Sci, 2012, 16: 138–139 9 Koch C. Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012 10 Treisman A. Consciousness and Perceptual Binding. The Unity of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. 95–113 11 James W. The Principles of Psychology. London: Macmillan, 2012 12 Kant I. The Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 13 Descartes R, Adam C, Tannery P. Oeuvres de Descartes: Meditationes de Prima Philosophia. Paris: Librairie Philosophique, 1973 14 Dehaene S. Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts. Old Saybrook: Tantor Media, 2014 15 Dehaene S, Changeux J P. Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron, 2011, 70: 200–227 16 Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Huber R, et al. Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. Science, 2005, 309: 2228–2232 17 Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Murphy M, et al. Cortical reactivity and effective connectivity during REM sleep in humans. Cogn Neurosci, 2010, 1: 176–183 18 Ferrarelli F, Massimini M, Sarasso S, et al. Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107: 2681–2686 19 Casali A G, Gosseries O, Rosanova M, et al. A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behav￾ior. Sci Transl Med, 2013, 5: 198ra105 20 Tononi G. Consciousness: Philosophy. In: Squire L R, ed. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Consciousness and Emotion. 4th Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2009, 12. 117–123 21 Oizumi M, Albantakis L, Tononi G. From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0. PLoS Comput Biol, 2014, 10: e1003588 22 Deroy O, Chen Y C, Spence C. Multisensory constraints on awareness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2014, 369: 20130207 23 Marcel A J. Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognit Psychol, 1983, 15: 197–237 24 Breitmeyer B G. Visual masking: Past accomplishments, present status, future developments. Adv Cogn Psychol, 2008, 3: 9–20 Downloaded to IP: 159.226.113.221 On: 2018-02-21 14:15:29 http://engine.scichina.com/doi/10.1360/N972015-00666