specific types that we may eventually be able to recognize, are just two: (i) giv ing and (i) demanding For example (1)a. This material conducts electricity. b Does this material conduct electricity? The act of speaking can be called an interact: it is an exchange, in which giving implies receiving and demanding implies giving in response The dialogicity of communication( Bathkin) Table 4-1 Giving or demanding, goods-&-services or information Commodity exchanged role in exchange (a) goods-&-services (b)information ( giving °offe statement would you like this teapot hes giving her the teapot ( i) demand ing command give me that teapot what is he giving her? The semantic system of SPEECH FUNCTiON (see Figure 4-2 on page 108) Speech functions and responses(see Table 4-1 on page 108) Typical realizations in grammar of speech functions(see Table 4-2 on page 109) C. Clause as exchange and semogenesis In the life history of an individual child, the exchange of goods services, with language as the means, comes much earlier than the exchange of information: infants typically begin to use linguistic symbols to make commands and offers at about the age of nine months, whereas it may be as much as nine months to a year after that before they really learn to make statements and questions, going through various intermed iate steps along the way It is quite likely that the same sequence of developments took place in the early evolution of language in the human race, although that is something we can never know for certain It is not d ifficult to see why offering and requesting precede telling and asking when a child is first learning how to mean. Exchanging information is more complicated than exchanging goods services, because in the former the listener is being asked not merely to listen and do something but also to act out a verbal role-to confirm or deny, or to supply a missing piece of information 4.2 The mood element 4.2.1 Structure of the mood The component that is tossed back and forth in statements and questions is called the mood element, and it consists of two parts: the Subject, which is a nominal group, and (ii) the Finite operator, which is part of a verbal group The remainder of the clause is called the residue (1)2 specific types that we may eventually be able to recognize, are just two: (i) giving and (ii) demanding. For example: (1) a. This material conducts electricity. b. Does this material conduct electricity? The act of speaking can be called an interact: it is an exchange, in which giving implies receiving and demanding implies giving in response. The dialogicity of communication (Bathkin) Table 4-1 Giving or demanding, goods-&-services or information Commodity exchanged role in exchange (a) goods-&-services (b) information (i) giving ‘offer’ would you like this teapot ‘statement’ he’s giving her the teapot (ii) demanding ‘command’ give me that teapot! ‘question’ what is he giving her? The semantic system of SPEECH FUNCTION (see Figure 4-2 on page 108) Speech functions and responses (see Table 4-1 on page 108) Typical realizations in grammar of speech functions (see Table 4-2 on page 109) C. Clause as exchange and semogenesis In the life history of an individual child, the exchange of goods & services, with language as the means, comes much earlier than the exchange of information: infants typically begin to use linguistic symbols to make commands and offers at about the age of nine months, whereas it may be as much as nine months to a year after that before they really learn to make statements and questions, going through various intermediate steps along the way. It is quite likely that the same sequence of developments took place in the early evolution of language in the human race, although that is something we can never know for certain. It is not difficult to see why offering and requesting precede telling and asking when a child is first learning how to mean. Exchanging information is more complicated than exchanging goods & services, because in the former the listener is being asked not merely to listen and do something but also to act out a verbal role – to confirm or deny, or to supply a missing piece of information. 4.2 The Mood element 4.2.1 Structure of the Mood The component that is tossed back and forth in statements and questions is called the Mood element, and it consists of two parts: (i) the Subject, which is a nominal group, and (ii) the Finite operator, which is part of a verbal group. The remainder of the clause is called the Residue. (1)