Defining the extent of the problem helps determine the rest of the management process.(问题的范围与程度) · Below a certain risk threshold, action may be unnecessary.(风险的阈值) 5. True and perceived risks(真实风险与预计风险) People often overestimate frequency and seriousness of sensational causes of death, and underestimate risks from familiar causes.(过量估计死亡风险-过度轻 视常见风险) · Elimination of all risk is impossible.(不能期待所有风险都得以消除) An on-going dilemma is: Should the government spend the most money on areas with the greatest impact, or areas where the most people are upset? (XE E hE 否将多数人关注的风险作为管理的重点?) 6. Economics and the environment(经济与环境) Environmental problems are primarily economic problems. Economics deals with resource allocation.(环境问题的经济性:资源的分配) Economic Concepts: Economic good/ service is anything defined as scarce Resource is anything that contributes to making desired goods and services available.(资源-商品-稀缺性) Economic Concepts: Supply is the amount of the good/service available for purchase/consumption and demand is the amount of the good/service consumers are willing to buy at various prices.(“供”受来源的制约;“求"受购买意愿的影响) 7. Market-Based Instruments(MBs)(市场手段) Provide incentive for people and companies to reduce pollution by imposing costs on pollution- causing activities.(造成污染需要付出代价) Five basic categories: (1) Information Programs-Make clear the personal interests in pollution reduction; (2) Tradable Emissions Permits-Give companies the right to emit specified amounts of pollutants; (3)Emission Fees, Taxes6 • Defining the extent of the problem helps determine the rest of the management process.（问题的范围与程度） • Below a certain risk threshold, action may be unnecessary.（风险的阈值） 5. True and Perceived Risks（真实风险与预计风险） • People often overestimate frequency and seriousness of sensational causes of death, and underestimate risks from familiar causes.（过量估计死亡风险–过度轻 视常见风险） • Elimination of all risk is impossible.（不能期待所有风险都得以消除） • An on-going dilemma is: Should the government spend the most money on areas with the greatest impact, or areas where the most people are upset?（难点：能 否将多数人关注的风险作为管理的重点？） 6. Economics and the Environment（经济与环境） • Environmental problems are primarily economic problems. Economics deals with resource allocation.（环境问题的经济性：资源的分配） • Economic Concepts: Economic good/service is anything defined as scarce. Resource is anything that contributes to making desired goods and services available.（资源–商品–稀缺性） • Economic Concepts: Supply is the amount of the good/service available for purchase/consumption and demand is the amount of the good/service consumers are willing to buy at various prices.（“供”受来源的制约；“求”受购买意愿的影响） 7. Market-Based Instruments (MBIs)（市场手段） • Provide incentive for people and companies to reduce pollution by imposing costs on pollution-causing activities.（造成污染需要付出代价） • Five basic categories: (1) Information Programs - Make clear the personal interests in pollution reduction; (2) Tradable Emissions Permits - Give companies the right to emit specified amounts of pollutants; (3) Emission Fees, Taxes